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1、Zhuangzi莊子(Chuang-tzu)AndtheSchooloftheTaoZhuangziZhuangzi(莊子,"莊"isthesurname,"子"isthepolitesayingofaman)livedandtaughtaround350BC.HewasaTaoistphilosopherwhowroteabookwhichisalsocalledZhuangzi(book).AstoryaboutZhuangziTheZhuangzitellsastoryabouttwoministerswhoaskZhuangzitoserveasacourtofficial.Zhu
2、angzireplieswithastoryaboutasacredturtle.Hesays,"Theking'smencaughtasacredturtle.Theykilleditandputitsshellinaspecialboxtousetotellthefuture.Nowwouldthatturtleratherbehonoredinthatboxanddead,orwouldheratherbealivedragginghistailthroughthemud?"TheBookofZhuangzi(basedonA.C.Graham)Ch.1–7(the“innercha
3、pters”內篇):canbedatedtothe4thcenturyBCECh.8–10:essaysbyanindividualwhowasstronglyinfluencedbytheLaoziCh.11-15,33:independentessaysbyHanscholarsCh.16-22:writingsoflaterfollowersofZhuangzi,earlyHanThe"SevenInnerChapters"內篇1.Xiaoyaoyou逍遙遊FreeandEasyWandering--soaringaboveconventionaljudgments&practica
4、lconcerns2.Qiwulun齊物論TheSortingwhichEvensThingsOut--attacksonlogic,analysis,distinction,naming3.Yangshengzhu養生主WhatMattersintheNurtureofLife--theknackoflivingspontaneously4.Renjianshi人間世TheWorldofHumanAffairs--theadvantagesofbeinguseless5.Dechongfu德充符SealsofVirtueComplete--independencefromhumanaff
5、airs&indifferencetohardship6.Dazongshi大宗師TheTeacherwhoistheUltimateAncestor--reconciliationwithdeath7.Yingdiwang應帝王RespondingtoEmperorsandKings--rejectionofgovernment,profit,andself-aggrandizementMajorThemesoftheZhuangziBookTheRelativityofLanguageandPerspectiveIntuitionTaoismItemphasizescontrolbut
6、notdominance,fluiditybutnotambivalence,andmysterybutnotconfusion.It’sfullofhelpfulsuggestion.”DifferencesinprinciplesandbeliefsPrinciplesofTaoismTaoDe,Wuwei.PrinciplesofConfucianismRelationships,Loyalty,Humanity,TheGentlemanandRectificationofNames.PrinciplesofTaoismTao:InEnglish,Taomeansroad,pathw
7、ay,channelordoctrine.Butitismainlybelievedtobethesourceofexistenceandnon-existence.De(Te)):ItisanactiveexpressionofTao.Deisinculcatingthehabitorimbibingthe'Tao'.WuWei:Wuweiliterallymeanswithoutaction.Itisthecentr
