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1、2.Chapter-1-General-Survey-of-a-WordII. Soundandmeaning（语音与意义）Twopointsofviewabouttherelationbetweensoundandmeaningofaword:TheNaturalists(自然派)maintainthatthereisanaturalconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning.TheConventionalists(习惯派)holdthattherelationsbetw
2、eensoundandmeaningareconventionalandarbitraryWordsthatconveythesamemeaninghavedifferentphonologicalformsindifferentlanguages:我们(Chinese)，we(English),nous(French)Thesamephonologicalformsmayconveydifferentmeanings:sight,site,cite;忙，盲，氓，茫，芒BasicWordStoc
3、kandNonbasicVocabulary1).AllNationalCharacterNaturalphenomenaHumanbodyandrelationsNamesofplantsandanimalsAction,size,domain,stateNumerals,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions2)Stability3)ProductivityWordsofthebasicwordstockaremostlyrootwordsormonosylla
4、bicwords.Theycaneachbeusedalone,andatthesametimecanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes,e.g.e.g.foot,footage（以英尺表示的）尺码,football,footpath,footer,footprintandsoon.Inthesameway,dogisthefatherofdoglike,dogcheap,dogfight混战,狗咬狗,dog-ear书页的折角,dogpaddle,dogsl
5、eep(不时惊醒的睡眠),tonamejustafew.4)PolysemyMostwordsofthebasicwordstockhaveundergonetransformationsinsemanticstructureinthecourseofuseandbecomepolysemous.5)CollocabilityManywordsofthebasicwordstockenterquiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbi
6、alsayingsandthelike.Takeheartforexample:achangeofheart(改变主意,变心);aheartofgold(道德高尚的人);atheart(在内心里);afterone‘sownheart(完全符合自己的心意);breakone’sheart;crossone‘sheart(在胸口划十字);cryone’sheartout(痛哭欲绝);haveone'sheartinone'smouth(Tobeextremelyfrightenedoranxiou
7、s极其害怕或担心);heartandsoul;one‘sheartsinkswithinone(某人消沉泄气);takesomethingtoheart(Totakeseriouslyandbeaffectedortroubledby认真对待…，受…影响或困扰);wearone’sheartuponone‘ssleeve(infmltoshowone’struefeelingsopenlyinsteadofhidingthem流露真实的感情);eatone‘sheartout(暗自伤神,忧伤).
8、Words,voidofthestatedcharacteristics,donotbelongtothecommoncoreofthelanguage.Theyincludethefollowing:(1)TerminologyThisreferstotechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmedicine:photoscanning(光扫描,摄影扫描),hepatitis(肝炎),penicillin;inma
