最新(二烷基酮锂)PPT课件.ppt

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1、(二烷基酮锂)16.2NomenclatureofaldehydesandketonesIntheIUPACsystemaliphaticaldehydesarenamedsubstitutivelybyreplacingthefinaleofthenameofthecorrespondingalkanewithalForexample2Aldehydesinwhichthe–CHOgroupisattachedtoaringsystemarenamedsubstitutivelybyaddingthe

2、suffixcarbaldehyde.3716.4Synthesisofaldehydes1.Oxidation82Reduction91016.5Synthesisofketones1.Ketones(andaldehydes)byOzonolysisofalkenes112.KetonesfromFriedel-CraftsAcylations123.KetonesfromOxidationsofsecondaryalcohols134.KetonesfromAlkynes145.Ketonesfr

3、omLithiumDialkylcuprates(二烷基酮锂）156.KetonesfromthereactionofnitrileswithRMgXorRLi1616.6Nucleophilicadditiontothecarbon-oxygendoublebond171816.7Theadditionofwaterandalcohols:Hydrates(水合物),Acetals（缩醛）,andketals(缩酮)1916.7BHemiacetalsandHemiketals（半缩醛和半缩酮）201

4、6.7CAcetalsandcyclicketals（缩醛和环状缩酮）212216.7DAcetalsandcyclicketalsasprotectinggroups23Syntheticapplication2416.7EThioacetalsandthioketals;硫缩醛和硫缩酮Aldehydesandketonesreactwiththiolstoformthioacetalsandthioketals.252616.8TheadditionofderivativesofammoniaAld

5、ehydesandketonesreactwithanumberofderivativesofammoniainthegeneralwayshowninthefollowingsequence:2716.8A2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazones,Semicarbazones,andoximes2829SpecificExamples因为产物都是固体，利用此反应可以鉴定未知有机物。3016.8BIminesAldehydesandketonesreactwithprimaryamines

6、toformimines.3116.8CHydrazones:TheWolff-KishnerreductionHydrazonesarethebasisforausefulmethodtoreducecarbonylgroups(C=O)ofaldehydesandketonesto–CH2–groups,calledtheWolff-Kishnerreduction3216.9Theadditionofhydrogencyanide(HCN)andofsodiumbisulfite(NaHSO3)3

7、3Cyanohydrinsareusefulintermediatesinorganicsynthesis.343516.10Theadditionofylides(叶立德）:Thewittig（魏悌希）reactionThisreaction,knownasthewittigreaction，hasprovedtobeavaluablemethodforsynthesizingalkenes.Discoveredin1954byGerogeWittig,thenattheUniversityofTub

8、ingen.Wittigwasaco-winneroftheNobelprizeforchemistryin1979.36Howtomakephosphorusylide?373816.11Theadditionoforganometallicreagents:Thereformatskyreaction39Theadditionofanorganozincreagenttothecarbonylgroupofanaldehydeorket