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1、运用学术文献(Quotation)一、直接引用、解释性说明、概括性说明二、标注方式运用学术文献(Quotation)Whenwewriteanacademicpaper,wealmostalwaysneedtoborrowideas,statistics,andpreviousresearchfindingstostrengthenourownideas,toexplainourownarguments,andsupportourownevidence.Ifaresearchpaperiswrittenwithoutusingany
2、outsideideasorinformation,thatpapermightbeconsideredasdeficientinacademicvalue.WaysofUsingOutsideSourcesGenerallyspeaking,therearethreelegalwaysofusingoutsidesourcesandinformation:Directquotation(直接引用)Paraphrasing(解释性说明)Summarizing(概括性说明)Asamatteroffact,academicresearc
3、hrequiresthecombineduseofthesethreemethods.Directquotation(直接引用)Adirectquoteiswhenyouuseanotherperson’swordsdirectlyinyourpaper.Knowingwhentouseadirectquoteisimportant.Donotquoteeverythingyouwanttosay.Mostthingsshouldbeparaphrased.Guidelinesfordirectquotations(DQs)1.Us
4、ingDQsunderthefollowingcircumstances:--Whentheoriginalwordingexpressestheideasopreciselyandbrieflythatwecannotimproveonit,--Whenthedirectquotationcomesfromanauthorityinaparticularfieldandthereforestrengthensourpointofview,Guidelinesfordirectquotations(DQs)--Whenweneedt
5、oborrowaspecialtermofexpressionthatisaparticularwriter’sinventionandcarriesspecialmeaning,--Whenweneedtheoriginalwordingforthepurposeoffurtherdiscussion.Guidelinesfordirectquotations(DQs)2.RuleswhenusingDQs--KeeptheQ.asbriefaspossible,--Beaccurate,whatappearsbetweenquo
6、tationmarksshouldbeexactlythesameastheoriginal.Noword,punctuation,orevenspellingshouldbechanged,--AlwaysindicatethesourceoftheQ.2.RuleswhenusingDQs--WhentheDQ.islessthantreelines(about40words),incorporateitintheflowoftheparagraphwithapairofquotationmarks,e.g.Theteacher
7、becomes“convincedoftherightnessofhissolutions”1andclaimstohavesoleinsight,characteristicswhichfindsupportinstudiesofgurus.2.RuleswhenusingDQs--Whenonlypartsofalongsentenceofpassagearequoted,theomittedwordsmaybeindicatedwiththreedots.However,thepartsthatdoappearasaquota
8、tionstillhavetobeaccurate,e.g.Thepainting,accordingtoClark,is“oneofthesupremecompositionsinart...”1(Theellipses“...”i
