Mankiw-Economics-Chap-11-中山大学吴柏林教授“曼昆·经济学原理”绝密资料.ppt

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1、PublicGoodsandCommonResourcesChapter11Copyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.Allrightsreserved.  Requestsforpermissiontomakecopiesofanypartoftheworkshouldbemailedto:PermissionsDepartment,HarcourtCollegePublishers,6277SeaHarborDrive,Orlando,Florida32887-6777.“Theb

2、estthingsinlifearefree...”FreegoodsprovideaspecialchallengeforeconomicanalysisMostgoodsinoureconomyareallocatedinmarkets……forthesegoods,pricesarethesignalsthatguidethedecisionsofbuyersandsellers.“Thebestthingsinlifearefree...”Whengoodsareavailablefreeofchar

3、ge,themarketforcesthatnormallyallocateresourcesinoureconomyareabsent.“Thebestthingsinlifearefree...”Whenagooddoesnothaveapriceattachedtoit,privatemarketscannotensurethatthegoodisproducedandconsumedintheproperamounts.“Thebestthingsinlifearefree...”Insuchcase

4、s,governmentpolicycanpotentiallyremedythemarketfailurethatresults,andraiseeconomicwell-being.TheDifferentKindsofGoodsWhenthinkingaboutthevariousgoodsintheeconomy,itisusefultogroupthemaccordingtotwocharacteristics:Isthegoodexcludable?Isthegoodrival?TheDiffer

5、entKindsofGoodsExcludabilityPeoplecanbepreventedfromenjoyingthegood.Lawsrecognizeandenforceprivatepropertyrights.TheDifferentKindsofGoodsRivalnessOneperson’suseofthegooddiminishesanotherperson’senjoymentofit.FourTypesofGoodsPrivateGoodsPublicGoodsCommonReso

6、urcesNaturalMonopoliesTypesofGoodsPrivateGoodsArebothexcludableandrival.PublicGoodsAreneitherexcludablenorrival.TypesofGoodsCommonResourcesArerivalbutnotexcludable.NaturalMonopoliesAreexcludablebutnotrival.TypesofGoodsRival?YesNoYesPrivateGoods·Ice-creamcon

7、es·Clothing·CongestedtollroadsNaturalMonopolies·Fireprotection·CableTV·UncongestedtollroadsNoCommonResources·Fishintheocean·Theenvironment·CongestednontollroadsPublicGoods·Nationaldefense·Knowledge·UncongestednontollroadsExcludable?TheFree-RiderProblemAfree

8、-riderisapersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforit.TheFree-RiderProblemSincepeoplecannotbeexcludedfromenjoyingthebenefitsofapublicgood,individualsmaywithholdpayingforthegoodhopingthatother