Mankiw-Economics-Chap-13-中山大学吴柏林教授“曼昆·经济学原理”绝密资料.ppt

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1、TheCostsofProductionChapter13Copyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.Allrightsreserved.  Requestsforpermissiontomakecopiesofanypartoftheworkshouldbemailedto:PermissionsDepartment,HarcourtCollegePublishers,6277SeaHarborDrive,Orlando,Florida32887-6777.TheCostsofProductionTheLawofSupply:Firmsarewillingt

2、oproduceandsellagreaterquantityofagoodwhenthepriceofthegoodishigh.Thisresultsinasupplycurvethatslopesupward.TheFirm’sObjectiveMaximumProfitsTheeconomicgoalofthefirmistomaximizeprofits.AFirm’sTotalRevenueandTotalCostTotalRevenueTheamountthatthefirmreceivesforthesaleofitsoutput.TotalCostTheamoun

3、tthatthefirmpaystobuyinputs.AFirm’sProfitProfitisthefirm’stotalrevenueminusitstotalcost.Profit=Totalrevenue-TotalcostCostsasOpportunityCostsAfirm’scostofproductionincludesalltheopportunitycostsofmakingitsoutputofgoodsandservices.ExplicitandImplicitCostsAfirm’scostofproductionincludeexplicitcos

4、tsandimplicitcosts.Explicitcostsinvolveadirectmoneyoutlayforfactorsofproduction.Implicitcostsdonotinvolveadirectmoneyoutlay.EconomicProfitversusAccountingProfitEconomistsmeasureafirm’seconomicprofitastotalrevenueminusalltheopportunitycosts(explicitandimplicit).Accountantsmeasuretheaccountingpr

5、ofitasthefirm’stotalrevenueminusonlythefirm’sexplicitcosts.Inotherwords,theyignoretheimplicitcosts.EconomicProfitversusAccountingProfitWhentotalrevenueexceedsbothexplicitandimplicitcosts,thefirmearnseconomicprofit.Economicprofitissmallerthanaccountingprofit.EconomicProfitversusAccountingProfit

6、RevenueTotalopportunitycostsHowanEconomistViewsaFirmExplicitcostsEconomicprofitImplicitcostsExplicitcostsAccountingprofitHowanAccountantViewsaFirmRevenueAProductionFunctionandTotalCostTheProductionFunctionTheproductionfunctionshowstherelationshipbetweenquantityofinputsusedtomakeagoodandthequan

7、tityofoutputofthatgood.MarginalProductThemarginalproductofanyinputintheproductionprocessistheincreaseinthequantityofoutputobtainedfromanadditionalunitofthatinput.MarginalProductAdditionalinputAdditionaloutput=MarginalproductDiminishingM