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1、ReferenceforgroupstudyofpunctuationmarksI.CommaWhatdoesacommaindicateinasentence?Apausewithinasentence.ItSeparatesonepartofasentencefromanotherpart.Tipsforusingcomma1.Inacompoundsentence,acommaistojoincoordinateclauses(并列句，又叫compoundsentences).Itisputbeforetheconjunction(and,but,
2、or,for,so,nor,yet)(逗号和并列连词连用).Examples:Heaskedthequestioninaloudvoice,butnooneanswered.Weweretired,andwedecidedtohavearest.Comeearly,oryou’llmisstheshow.Shecouldn’tgototheairporttomeethim,norcouldshesendanyoneinherstead.Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.（注意for作并列连词时表示原因
3、）Heisaneccentricboy,yetyoucan’thelplikinghim.2.Acommaisusedafteranadverbialclause（状语从句）orphrase(includingaprepositionalphrase介词词组andaparticipialphrase分词词组)beforethesubjectofthesentenceorinthemiddleofthesentence.Example:Whenthebellrang,theteacherdismissedtheclass.Intheancientpalac
4、e,theysawthethronewhereemperorsusedtosit.BornandbroughtupintheSouth,sheisnotusedtoeatingwheat.Theaudience,interestedinthetopic,askedthespeakermanyquestions.2-bOmission:Thecommaisoftenomittedwhenanadverbialelementfollowsthemainclause.（状语从句中主句在前，从句在后时，中间的逗号总是去掉的）E.g.Shedecidedtostu
5、dyEnglishalthoughshewasinterestedinmusic.Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,shefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish.3.Commasareusedtoseparateaseriesofwordsorphraseshavingthesamefunctioninthesentence.E.g.:Thelittlegirllikestosing,todance,andtoact.Shebuysbread,butter,vegetables,andmanyotherth
6、ingsfromthissupermarket.（注意：英语中没有顿号。）4.Nonrestrictiveclauses（非限制性定语从句）andphrases（非限制性作定语的词组）aresetoffbycommas:WangLing,whoisthebestsingeroftheclass,willteachustosingthesong.Hehadtoleavehishometown,wherehehadlivedeversincehewasborn.4-aRestrictiveclausesandphrasesarenotsetoffbycomm
7、as.Theyoungmanwhoistalkingwiththeforeignreportersistheinventorofthemachine.Thisisthehousewherethefamouspoetwasborn.Restrictivev.s.Nonrestrictive（区分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句）限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作
8、用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会
