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1、软件工程-敏捷开发(中英文对照)极限编程（ExtremeProgramming，简称为XP）敏捷开发被认为是一种“轻量级”的方法。在轻量级方法中最负盛名的应该是“极限编程”（ExtremeProgramming，简称为XP）。而与轻量级方法相对应的是“重量级方法”的存在。重量级方法强调以开发过程为中心，而不是以人为中心。ExtremeProgramming(XP)isasoftwaredevelopmentmethodologywhichisintendedtoimprovesoftwarequalityandr
2、esponsivenesstochangingcustomerrequirements.Asatypeofagilesoftwaredevelopment,itadvocatesfrequent"releases"inshortdevelopmentcycles(timeboxing),whichisintendedtoimproveproductivityandintroducecheckpointswherenewcustomerrequirementscanbeadopted.Otherelementsof
3、ExtremeProgramminginclude:programminginpairsordoingextensivecodereview,unittestingofallcode,avoidingprogrammingoffeaturesuntiltheyareactuallyneeded,aflatmanagementstructure,simplicityandclarityincode,expectingchangesinthecustomer'srequirementsastimepassesandt
4、heproblemisbetterunderstood,andfrequentcommunicationwiththecustomerandamongprogrammers.Themethodologytakesitsnamefromtheideathatthebeneficialelementsoftraditionalsoftwareengineeringpracticesaretakento"extreme"levels,onthetheorythatifalittleisgood,moreisbetter
5、.Criticshavenotedseveralpotentialdrawbacks弊端,includingproblemswithunstablerequirements,nodocumentedcompromises(妥协、折衷)ofuserconflicts(争执),andalackofanoveralldesignspecificationordocument.重量级方法呈现的是一种“防御型”的姿态。在应用“重量级方法”的软件组织中，由于软件项目经理不参与或者很少参与程序设计，无法从细节上把握项目进度，因
6、而会对项目产生“恐惧感”，不得不要求程序员不断撰写很多“软件开发文档”。轻量级方法则呈现“进攻型”的姿态，这一点从XP方法特别强调的五种价值沟通communication，简单simplicity，反馈feedback，勇气courage，尊重respect。ThevaluesofXP: 1.CommunicationBuildingsoftwaresystemsrequirescommunicatingsystemrequirementstothedevelopersofthesystem.Informalso
7、ftwaredevelopmentmethodologies,thistaskisaccomplishedthroughdocumentation.Extremeprogrammingtechniquescanbeviewedasmethodsforrapidlybuildinganddisseminating散播institutionalknowledgeamongmembersofadevelopmentteam.Thegoalistogivealldevelopersasharedviewofthesyst
8、emwhichmatchestheviewheldbytheusersofthesystem.Tothisend,extremeprogrammingfavorssimpledesigns,commonmetaphors,collaborationofusersandprogrammers,frequentverbalcommunication,andfeedback.T
