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1、语言学2.therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture-Languageisapartofculture.-Languageistheprimarymeansforculturaltransmission.-Somelinguisticdifferencesareduetoculturaldifferences.-Variouscultureswillhavedifferentresponsestothesameword.ExampleAFlyinaBeerIfinth
2、edinninghall,aflywasseeninaglassofbeer……AnEnglishman,“MayIhaveanother,please?”AFrenchman,pourthebeerout.ASpanishman,putthemoneyonthetableandleavewithoutaword.AJapanese,summonthemanagerandcriticize,“Doyoudoallyourbusinesslikethis?”AnArab,givethebeertothewa
3、iterandsay,“I’llbuyyouadrink.”AnAmerican,“Pleaseservetheflyandbeerseparately.Ifthecustomerlikesthefly,hecouldputitintohisbeerhimself.”Thecaseaboveshowsthatsocialinteractionsmayvarygreatlyowingtodifferentculturalbackgrounds.Comment：Inthiscase,people’sdiffe
4、rentreactionsrevealnotonlytheirindividualpersonalitybutalsotheorientationoftheirnation’smainstreamculture,e.g.theEnglish’sseriousness,theFrench’sarrogance,theSpanish’sgenerosity,theJapanese’scriticalapproach,theArab’ssarcasmandtheAmerican’shumor.3.Sapir-W
5、horfHypothesis(SWH)萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说(认为语言结构决定人类思维方式及行动方法的假说)[亦作Whorfianhypothesis]Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressouruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.4.Linguisticevidenceofculturaldifferences1.Greetingsan
6、dtermsofaddress2.Thanksandcompliments3.Colourwords4.Privacyandtaboos5.Roundingoffnumbers6.Wordsandcultural-specificconnotations7.Cultural-relatedidiomsandproverbsExampleLiHongzhang’sEmbarrassmentLiHongzhang,oneofthetopofficialsintheQingDynasty,wasinvitedt
7、ovisittheUnitedStates.Hewaswarmlywelcomed.Oneday,LiwashostingabanquetfortheAmericanofficialsinapopularrestaurant.Asthebanquetstarted,accordingtotheChinesecustom,Listoodupandsaid,“Iamveryhappytohaveallofyouheretoday.Thoughthesedishesarecoarseandnotdeliciou
8、sandgoodenoughtoshowmyrespectforyou,Ihopeyouwillenjoythem…”(今天承蒙各位光临，不胜荣幸。我们略备粗馔，聊表寸心，没有什么可口的东西，不成敬意，请大家多多包涵……)Thenextday,theEnglishversionofhiswordswasshowninthelocalnewspaper.Tohisshock,therestaurantownerflewintor
