曼昆经济学1培训资料.ppt

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1、曼昆经济学1Economy......ThewordeconomycomesfromaGreekwordfor“onewhomanagesahousehold.”Ahouseholdandaneconomyfacemanydecisions:Whowillwork?Whatgoodsandhowmanyofthemshouldbeproduced?Whatresourcesshouldbeusedinproduction?Atwhatpriceshouldthegoodsbesold?SocietyandScarceResources:Themanagementofsociety

2、’sresourcesisimportantbecauseresourcesarescarce.Scarcity......meansthatsocietyhaslimitedresourcesandthereforecannotproduceallthegoodsandservicespeoplewishtohave.EconomicsEconomicsisthestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources.Economistsstudy...Howpeoplemakedecisions.Howpeopleinteractwitheacho

3、ther.Theforcesandtrendsthataffecttheeconomyasawhole.TenPrinciplesofEconomics1.Peoplefacetradeoffs.2.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.3.Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.4.Peoplerespondtoincentives.HowPeopleMakeDecisionsTenPrinciplesofEconomics5.Tradecanmakeeveryonebetteroff.6.Marketsareus

4、uallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.7.Governmentscansometimesimproveeconomicoutcomes.HowPeopleInteractTenPrinciplesofEconomics8.Thestandardoflivingdependsonacountry’sproduction.9.Pricesrisewhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney.10.Societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment.

5、HowtheEconomyasaWholeWorks1.Peoplefacetradeoffs.“Thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch!”1.Peoplefacetradeoffs.Togetonething,weusuallyhavetogiveupanotherthing.Gunsv.butterFoodv.clothingLeisuretimev.workEfficiencyv.equityMakingdecisionsrequirestradingoffonegoalagainstanother.1.Peoplefacetradeoffs.Effi

6、ciencymeanssocietygetsthemostthatitcanfromitsscarceresources.Equitymeansthebenefitsofthoseresourcesaredistributedfairlyamongthemembersofsociety.Efficiencyv.Equity2.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.Decisionsrequirecomparingcostsandbenefitsofalternatives.Whethertogotocollegeortowork?Whet

7、hertostudyorgooutonadate?Whethertogotoclassorsleepin?2.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.Theopportunitycostofanitemiswhatyougiveuptoobtainthatitem.3.Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.Marginalchangesaresmall,incrementaladjustmentstoa