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1、1、生物技术可被认为是生物有机体的应用并投入工业化生产的过程。生物工程涉及大量的原理和学科。尽管现在许多的活动高度复杂和新颖，但许多过程已经在历史长河中留下了它们的足迹。Biotechnologycanbeconsideredtobetheapplicationofbiologicalorganismsandprocessestomanufacturingindustries.Biotechnologyencompassesawiderangeofdisciplinesandsubjects.Althoughpresentdayactivitiesare
2、highlysophisticatedandnovelmanyoftheprocesseshavetheirrootsinthedawnofhistory.2、生物工程看起来像是涉及许多产业部门的一个充满机遇又不断扩张的领域。这些产业包括农业食品和饲料业、药物、能源和水处理产业，也会在新药物激素（疫苗和抗生素）的生产、生产廉价的供应更可靠的能源以及（长远看来）化工饲料、改善环境治理和污水处理等方面扮演重要的角色。生物工程将在很大程度上依赖于可重新利用及可循环利用的原材料，这样才能更好地满足这个世界的需要，因为能源将变得越来越昂贵，越来越紧缺。biotec
3、hnologyappearstobeanareaofexpansionandopportunityinvolvingmanysectorsofindustry,includingagricuture,foodandfeedstuffs,pharmaceutical,energyandwaterindustries.itwillplayamajorroleintheproductionofnewdrugs,hormones,vaccinesandantibiotics,cheaperandmorereliablesuppliesofenergyand(in
4、thelongerterm)chemicalfeedstuffs,improvedenvironmentalcontrolandwastemanagement.biothenologywillbelargelybasedonrenewableandrecyclablematerilsthusbeingbetterfittedtotheneedsofaworldwhereenergywillbecomeincreasinglymoreexpensiveandinshortsupply.3、Extracelluarandintracellularmicrob
5、ialenzymesareproducedindustricallybysubmerged,deeptank,andsolidsubstratefermentationtechniques.Mostliquidmediaaremixturesofseveralcomplexundefinedmaterials,suchasmolasses,starchhydrolysates,cornsteepliquor,yeastextract.Batchcultivationisthemostutilizedmethodofproduction.Enzymepro
6、ductioncanbecontrolledbyenvironmentalandgeneticmanipulation.细胞外的和细胞内的微生物酶的工业化生产可以通过液体深层发酵和固体基质发酵技术获得。大多数液体介质的几道复杂的混合物未定义的材料,如糖、淀粉水解产物，玉米浸泡液、酵母提取物。在生产中批量生产方法是应用最广泛的。可以控制环境和基因调控控制酶产品。4、Growthistheincreaseofcellmaterialexpressedintermsofcellnumber.Thedoublingtimeofanorganismpopulati
7、onisthetimerequiredforthedoublinginbiomasswhilegenerationtimerelatestotheperiodnecessaryforthedoublingofcellnumbers.Mathematicalequationshavebeendevelopeddescribingtheessentialfeaturesofmicrobialgrowthinbioreactors.Inbatchcultivation,thereisacontinuouslychangingnutrientenvironmen
8、twhichisreflectedinthephysiologicalstate
