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时间:2020-09-06
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1、AntigenandAntibody(抗原和抗体)Thehumanbodyisquickto(1)recognizeforeignorganismthatenterit.”Foes”mustbeattackedorotherwisegotridof.(人体能迅速辨认出进入的外来生物。这些外来的“敌人”一定会受到攻击或被用其他方式摆脱。)Themostcommonofthesefoesare(2)viruses,bacteria,andothermicroscopicorganisms.Thebodyrecognizesthesefoesbythechemicalswithinth
2、emcalledantigens.(最常见的这些敌人是病毒、细菌和微生物。人体通过它们内部称为抗原的化学物质来辨认它们)To(3)counteractthereforeigninvaders,bodyproducesitsownchemicals,proteinmoleculescalled(4)antibodies.Eachkindofantigencausestheproductionofaspecifickindofantibody.Antibodiesappearinthe5)bodyfluidssuchasbloodandlymphandinthebody’scells
3、.(为了抵御外来的入侵者,机体产生自身的化学物质,一种称为抗体的蛋白质分子。每一种抗原导致人体产生一种特殊的抗体,抗体出现在体液中,比如血液和淋巴液,也出现在身体的细胞里。)Doctorslearnedtomakeuseoftheantibodysystemfordefenselongbeforetheyhadanyideathatantibodiesexist.(医生在发现抗体之前很久就学会了利用抗体系统来防御疾病。)Asearlyas1796,EdwardJenner,anEnglishcountrydoctor,discoveredthatifhegavepeoplea(6
4、)caseofmilddiseasecowpox,hepreventedthemfrom(7)gettingtheseriousdiseasesmallpox.(早在1796年,一个叫爱德华*詹纳的英国乡村医生发现如果他让人患上比较轻的牛痘,他们就不会患上严重的天花疾病。)WhatJennerdidnotknowisthatthediseasesarecausedby(8)closelyrelatedviruses.Theyaresocloselyrelatedthatthecowpoxantibodywillcounteractthesmallpoxantigen.(詹纳不知道
5、的是这两种疾病是由密切相关的病毒引起的,它们如此密切相关以至于牛痘抗体可以消灭天花病毒。)Injectinganantigento(9)starttheproductionofantibodiesisnowcalledvaccination.(Itisonekindofimmunization—makingperson(10)immune.)(注射抗原使机体产生抗体现在被称为接种。这是免疫接种的一种,使人具有免疫力)Theantigeninjectedisa(11)vaccine.Thesetermsarebasedonvacca,theLatinwordfor“cow”,bec
6、auseJenner’svaccinewasmadefromthecowpoxvirus.(注射的抗原是一种疫苗。这些专业术语都是基于拉丁语中的“牛”的词语vacca,因为詹纳的疫苗是从牛痘病毒制成的。)Todaydoctorsknowofseveralwaysthatpeoplebecomeimmunetodiseases.Somepeople(12)inheritanaturalresistancetocertaindiseases.(今天,医生知道许多方法让人对疾病有免疫力。有些人继承了对某些疾病的抵抗性)Overtheyearstheybuildupanimmunityt
7、hatkeepsthemfromevergettingcertaindiseases.Butmostantibodiesare(13)acquiredonlyafterthebodyhasbeen(14)exposedtoaknownantigen.(多年来,他们建立起来的免疫力让他们远离曾经患过的疾病。但大多数抗体只有在人体暴露于已知的抗原中后才获得。)Theantigenmaybecarriedbysomeorganismthatentersthebody(15)onitso
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