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1、Problemsofthe2ndand9thInternationalPhysicsOlympiads(Budapest,Hungary,1968and1976)PéterVankóInstituteofPhysics,BudapestUniversityofTechnicalEngineering,Budapest,HungaryAbstractAfterashortintroductiontheproblemsofthe2ndandthe9thInternationalPhysicsOlympiad,organizedin
2、Budapest,Hungary,1968and1976,andtheirsolutionsarepresented.IntroductionFollowingtheinitiativeofDr.WaldemarGorzkowski[1]Ipresenttheproblemsandsolutionsofthe2ndandthe9thInternationalPhysicsOlympiad,organizedbyHungary.IhaveusedProf.RezsőKunfalvi’sproblemcollection[2],i
3、tsHungarianversion[3]andinthecaseofthe9thOlympiadtheoriginalHungarianproblemsheetgiventothestudents(myowncopy).Besidesthedigitalizationofthetext,theequationsandthefiguresithasbeenmadeonlysmallcorrectionswhereitwasneeded(typemistakes,smallgrammaticalchanges).Iomitted
4、oldunits,wherebotholdandSIunitsweregiven,andconvertedthemintoSIunits,whereitwasnecessary.IfwecomparetheproblemsheetsoftheearlyOlympiadswiththelastones,wecanrealizeatoncethedifferenceinlength.Itisnotsoeasytojudgethedifficultyoftheproblems,butthesolutionsaresurelymuch
5、shorter.Theproblemsofthe2ndOlympiadfollowedthemorethanhundredyearstraditionofphysicscompetitionsinHungary.ThetasksofthemostimportantHungariantheoreticalphysicscompetition(EötvösCompetition),forexample,arealwaysveryshort.Sometimesthesolutionisonlyafewlines,too,buttof
6、indtheideaforthissolutionisratherdifficult.Ofthe9thOlympiadIhavepersonalmemories;IwastheyoungestmemberoftheHungarianteam.TheproblemsofthisOlympiadwerecollectedandpartlyinventedbyMiklósVermes,alegendaryandfamousHungariansecondaryschoolphysicsteacher.Inthefirstproblem
7、onlythedetailedinvestigationofthestabilitywasunusual,inthesecondproblemonecouldforgettosubtracttheworkoftheatmosphericpressure,butthefully“open”thirdproblemwasreallyunexpectedforus.Theexperimentalproblemwasdifficultinthesameway:incontrasttotheOlympiadsoftodaywegotno
8、instructionshowtomeasure.(Inthelastyearstheonlysimilarlyopenexperimentalproblemwastheinvestigationof“Themagneticpuck”inLeicester,2000,area
