哥伦比亚大学有机化学经典课件.ppt

哥伦比亚大学有机化学经典课件.ppt

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1、4.8 PreparationofAlkylHalidesfrom AlcoholsandHydrogenHalidesROH+HXRX+H2OReactionofAlcoholswithHydrogenHalidesROH+HXRX+HOHHydrogenhalidereactivity HIHBrHClHFmostreactiveleastreactiveReactionofAlcoholswithHydrogenHalidesROH+HXRX+HOHAlcoholreactivity R3COHR2CHOHRCH2OHCH3OH TertiarySecon

2、daryPrimaryMethanolmostreactiveleastreactivePreparationofAlkylHalides(CH3)3COH+HCl(CH3)3CCl+H2O78-88%+H2O73%CH3(CH2)5CH2OH+HBrCH3(CH2)5CH2Br+H2O87-90%25°C80-100°C120°COH+HBrBrPreparationofAlkylHalidesCH3CH2CH2CH2OHCH3CH2CH2CH2BrNaBr H2SO470-83%heatAmixtureofsodiumbromideandsulfuricacidmay

3、beusedinplaceofHBr.4.9 MechanismoftheReactionof AlcoholswithHydrogen HalidesCarbocationThekeyintermediateinreactionofsecondary andtertiaryalcoholswithhydrogenhalidesis acarbocation.Acarbocationisacationinwhichcarbonhas 6valenceelectronsandapositivecharge.CRRR+CarbocationThekeyintermediate

4、inreactionofsecondary andtertiaryalcoholswithhydrogenhalidesis acarbocation.Theoverallreactionmechanisminvolvesthree elementarysteps;thefirsttwostepsleadtothe carbocationintermediate,thethirdstepisthe conversionofthiscarbocationtothealkylhalide.CRRR+Example(CH3)3COH+HCl(CH3)3CCl+H2O25°CCa

5、rbocationintermediateis:CH3CCH3CH3+tert-Butylalcoholtert-Butylchloridetert-ButylcationMechanismStep1:ProtontransferfromHCltotert-butylalcohol(CH3)3COH..:HCl:....+HO:+(CH3)3CHCl:....:–+fast,bimoleculartert-ButyloxoniumionMechanismStep2:Dissociationoftert-butyloxoniumion+(CH3)3COH:H+slow,un

6、imolecular(CH3)3COH:H:tert-Butylcation+MechanismStep3:Captureoftert-butylcationbychlorideion.fast,bimolecular+(CH3)3C+tert-Butylchloride(CH3)3CCl:....Cl::....–4.10 Structure,Bonding,and StabilityofCarbocationsFigure4.8Structureofmethylcation.Carbonissp2hybridized. Allfouratomslieinsamepla

7、ne.Figure4.8Structureofmethylcation.Empty2porbital.Axisof2porbitalisperpendiculartoplaneofatoms.CarbocationsMostcarbocationsaretoounstabletobe isolated.WhenRisanalkylgroup,thecarbocationis stabilizedcomparedtoR=H.CRRR+CarbocationsCHHH+Methylcation leaststableCarboc

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