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时间:2020-10-01
《哥伦比亚大学有机化学经典课件.ppt》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、4.8PreparationofAlkylHalidesfromAlcoholsandHydrogenHalidesROH+HXRX+H2OReactionofAlcoholswithHydrogenHalidesROH+HXRX+HOHHydrogenhalidereactivityHIHBrHClHFmostreactiveleastreactiveReactionofAlcoholswithHydrogenHalidesROH+HXRX+HOHAlcoholreactivityR3COHR2CHOHRCH2OHCH3OHTertiarySecon
2、daryPrimaryMethanolmostreactiveleastreactivePreparationofAlkylHalides(CH3)3COH+HCl(CH3)3CCl+H2O78-88%+H2O73%CH3(CH2)5CH2OH+HBrCH3(CH2)5CH2Br+H2O87-90%25°C80-100°C120°COH+HBrBrPreparationofAlkylHalidesCH3CH2CH2CH2OHCH3CH2CH2CH2BrNaBrH2SO470-83%heatAmixtureofsodiumbromideandsulfuricacidmay
3、beusedinplaceofHBr.4.9MechanismoftheReactionofAlcoholswithHydrogenHalidesCarbocationThekeyintermediateinreactionofsecondaryandtertiaryalcoholswithhydrogenhalidesisacarbocation.Acarbocationisacationinwhichcarbonhas6valenceelectronsandapositivecharge.CRRR+CarbocationThekeyintermediate
4、inreactionofsecondaryandtertiaryalcoholswithhydrogenhalidesisacarbocation.Theoverallreactionmechanisminvolvesthreeelementarysteps;thefirsttwostepsleadtothecarbocationintermediate,thethirdstepistheconversionofthiscarbocationtothealkylhalide.CRRR+Example(CH3)3COH+HCl(CH3)3CCl+H2O25°CCa
5、rbocationintermediateis:CH3CCH3CH3+tert-Butylalcoholtert-Butylchloridetert-ButylcationMechanismStep1:ProtontransferfromHCltotert-butylalcohol(CH3)3COH..:HCl:....+HO:+(CH3)3CHCl:....:–+fast,bimoleculartert-ButyloxoniumionMechanismStep2:Dissociationoftert-butyloxoniumion+(CH3)3COH:H+slow,un
6、imolecular(CH3)3COH:H:tert-Butylcation+MechanismStep3:Captureoftert-butylcationbychlorideion.fast,bimolecular+(CH3)3C+tert-Butylchloride(CH3)3CCl:....Cl::....–4.10Structure,Bonding,andStabilityofCarbocationsFigure4.8Structureofmethylcation.Carbonissp2hybridized.Allfouratomslieinsamepla
7、ne.Figure4.8Structureofmethylcation.Empty2porbital.Axisof2porbitalisperpendiculartoplaneofatoms.CarbocationsMostcarbocationsaretoounstabletobeisolated.WhenRisanalkylgroup,thecarbocationisstabilizedcomparedtoR=H.CRRR+CarbocationsCHHH+MethylcationleaststableCarboc
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