曼昆微观经济学 第五版 第四章 课文ppt课件.ppt

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1、TheMarketForcesofSupplyandDemandChapter4Copyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.Allrightsreserved.  Requestsforpermissiontomakecopiesofanypartoftheworkshouldbemailedto:PermissionsDepartment,HarcourtCollegePublishers,6277SeaHarborDrive,Orlando,Florida32887-6777.TheMarketFor

2、cesofSupplyandDemandSupplyanddemandarethetwowordsthateconomistsusemostoften.Supplyanddemandaretheforcesthatmakemarketeconomieswork.Modernmicroeconomicsisaboutsupply,demand,andmarketequilibrium.MarketsAmarketisagroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice.Thete

3、rmssupplyanddemandrefertothebehaviorofpeople...astheyinteractwithoneanotherinmarkets.MarketsBuyersdeterminedemand.Sellersdeterminesupply.MarketType:ACompetitiveMarketAcompetitivemarketisamarket...withmanybuyersandsellers.thatisnotcontrolledbyanyoneperson.inwhichanar

4、rowrangeofpricesareestablishedthatbuyersandsellersactupon.Competition:PerfectandOtherwiseProductsarethesameNumerousbuyersandsellerssothateachhasnoinfluenceoverpriceBuyersandSellersarepricetakersPerfectCompetitionCompetition:PerfectandOtherwiseMonopolyOneseller,ands

5、ellercontrolspriceOligopolyFewsellersNotalwaysaggressivecompetitionCompetition:PerfectandOtherwiseMonopolisticCompetitionManysellersSlightlydifferentiatedproductsEachsellermaysetpriceforitsownproductDemandQuantitydemandedistheamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabl

6、etopurchase.LawofDemandThelawofdemandstatesthatthereisaninverserelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitydemanded.DemandScheduleThedemandscheduleisatablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofthegoodandthequantitydemanded.DemandScheduleDeterminantsofDemandMarketpriceC

7、onsumerincomePricesofrelatedgoodsTastesExpectationsDemandCurveThedemandcurveisthedownward-slopinglinerelatingpricetoquantitydemanded.DemandCurve$3.002.502.001.501.000.50213456789101211PriceofIce-CreamConeQuantityofIce-CreamCones0CeterisParibusCeterisparibusisaLatinp

8、hrasethatmeansallvariablesotherthantheonesbeingstudiedareassumedtobeconstant.Literally,ceterisparibusmeans“otherthingsbeingequal.”Thedeman