曼昆微观经济学_第五版_第十章_课文ppt英文版

《曼昆微观经济学_第五版_第十章_课文ppt英文版》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

1、曼昆微观经济学_第五版_第十章_课文PPT英文版ExternalitiesChapter10Copyright??8><#004699'>2001byHarcourt,Inc.Allrightsreserved.??#004699'>2??#004699'>2Requestsforpermissiontomakecopiesofanypartoftheworkshouldbemailedto:PermissionsDepartment,HarcourtCollegePublishers,6<#0

2、04699'>277SeaHarborDrive,Orlando,Florida3<#004699'>2887-6777.MarketEfficiency-MarketFailuresRecallthat:AdamSmith’s“invisiblehand”ofthemarketplaceleadsself-interestedbuyersandsellersinamarkettomaximizethetotalbenefitthatsocietycanderivefromamarket.But

3、marketfailurescanstillhappen.MarketFailures:ExternalitiesWhenamarketoutcomeaffectspartiesotherthanthebuyersandsellersinthemarket,side-effectsarecreatedcalledexternalities.Externalitiescausemarketstobeinefficient,andthusfailtomaximizetotalsurplus.Anex

4、ternalityarises......whenapersonengagesinanactivitythatinfluencesthewell-beingofabystanderandyetneitherpaysnorreceivesanycompensationforthateffect.MarketFailures:ExternalitiesWhentheimpactonthebystanderisadverse,theexternalityiscalledanegativeexterna

5、lity.Whentheimpactonthebystanderisbeneficial,theexternalityiscalledapositiveexternality.ExamplesofNegativeExternalitiesAutomobileexhaustCigarettesmokingBarkingdogs(loudpets)LoudstereosinanapartmentbuildingExamplesofPositiveExternalitiesImmunizationsR

6、estoredhistoricbuildingsResearchintonewtechnologiesTheMarketforAluminum...QuantityofAluminum0PriceofAluminumQMARKETDemand(privatevalue)Supply(privatecost)EquilibriumTheMarketforAluminumandWelfareEconomicsThequantityproducedandconsumedinthemarketequil

7、ibriumisefficientinthesensethatitmaximizesthesumofproducerandconsumersurplus.TheMarketforAluminumandWelfareEconomicsIfthealuminumfactoriesemitpollution(anegativeexternality),thenthecosttosocietyofproducingaluminumislargerthanthecosttoaluminumproducer

8、s.TheMarketforAluminumandWelfareEconomicsForeachunitofaluminumproduced,thesocialcostincludestheprivatecostsoftheproducersplusthecosttothosebystandersadverselyaffectedbythepollution.PollutionandtheSocialOptimum...QMARKETQuantityofAluminum0PriceofAlumi