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1、CHAPTERTWOInteractions:EnvironmentandOrganisms1Beeandsunflower2Soybeanandrhizobium3FishandcoralFishandshrimp4paddygrasshopperfrogsnakeeagle56OBJECTIVESAfterreadingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:Identifyandlistabioticandbioticfactorsinanecosystem..Explainthesignificanceoflimiti
2、ngfactorDistinguishbetweenhabitatandniche.Distinguishbetweenapopulationandaspecies.Describehowtheprocessofnaturalselectionoperatestoshapetheecologicalnichofanorganism.Describetheprocessthatleadtospeciation,extinction,andcoevolution.Describepredator-prey,parasite-host,competit
3、ive,mutualistic,andcommensalisticrelationships.Differentiatebetweenacommunityandanecosystem.Listsomeofthecomponentsofanecosystem.Definetherolesofproducer,herbivore,carnivore,omnivore,anddecomposer..Describeenergyflowinanecosystem.Relatetheconceptsoffoodwebsandfoodchainstotrop
4、hiclevels.Explainthecyclingofnutrientssuchasnitrogen,carbon,andphosphorusthroughanecosystem.71EcologicalConceptsEnvironment:Everythingthataffectsanorganismduringitslifetimeiscollectivelyknownasitsenvironment.itisusefultosubdividetheconceptofenvironmentintoabiotic(nonliving)an
5、dbiotic(living)factors.Abioticfactorscanbeorganizedintoseveralbroadcategories:energy,nonlivingmatter,andprocessesthatinvolvetheinteractionofnonlivingmatterandenergy.Bioticfactorsincludeallformsoflifewithwhichitinteracts.LimitingFactors:Ashortageorabsenceofakeyfactorrestrictst
6、hesuccessofthespecies;thusthefactorisknownasalimitingfactor.Habitat:Thehabitatofanorganismisthespacethattheorganisminhabits,theplacewhereitlives(itsaddress)Niche:isthefunctionalroleithasinitssurroundings(itsprofession).Ecology:isthestudyofthewaysorganismsinteractwitheachother
7、andwiththeirnonlivingsurroundings.8CompositionofanecosystemBioticenvironmentAbioticenvironment9Limitingfactor:Ashortageorabsenceofakeyfactorrestrictsthesuccessofthespecies;thusthefactorisknownasalimitingfactor.10MilkweedMonarchButterflyCaterpillarMonarchbutterflieslaytheiregg
8、sonvariouskindsofmilkweedplants.Thelarvaeeattheleavesofthemilkweedpl
