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1、1Unit1BiomedicalEngineeringLesson1AHistoryofBiomedicalEngineeringInitsbroadestsense,biomedicalengineeringhasbeenwithusforcenturies,perhapseventhousandsofyears.In2000,Germanarcheologistsuncovera3,000-year-oldmummyfromThebeswithawoodenprosthetictiedtoits
2、foottoserveasabigtoe.Researcherssaidthewearonthebottomsurfacesuggeststhatitcouldbetheoldestknownlimbprosthesis.Egyptiansalsousedhollowreedstolookandlistentotheinternalgoingsonofthehumananatomy.In1816,modestypreventedFrenchphysicianReneLaennecfromplacin
3、ghisearnexttoayoungwoman’sbarechest,soherolledupanewspaperandlistenedthroughit,triggeringtheideaforhisinventionthatledtotoday’subiquitousstethoscope.广义上来说,生物医学工程与我们已经几个世纪以来,甚至数千年。2000年,德国考古学家发现一个3000岁高龄的木乃伊从底比斯木制假肢与作为大脚趾的脚。研究人员说,穿底部表面上表明它可能是最古老的下肢义肢。埃及
4、人也用空心的芦苇外观和听人类解剖学的内部行为。1816年,谦虚阻止法国医生雷奈克把他的耳朵旁边一个年轻女人的裸胸,所以他卷起报纸和听它,引发他的发明的想法,导致今天无处不在的听诊器。Nomatterwhatthedate,biomedicalengineeringhasprovidedadvancesinmedicaltechnologytoimprovehumanhealth.Biomedicalengineeringachievementsrangefromearlydevices,suchas
5、crutches,platformshoes,woodenteeth,andtheever-changingcacheofinstrumentsinadoctor’sblackbag,tomoremodernmarvels,includingpacemakers,theheart-lungmachine,dialysismachines,diagnosticequipment,imagingtechnologiesofeverykind,andartificialorgans,implantsand
6、advancedprosthetics.TheNationalAcademyofEngineeringestimatesthattherearecurrentlyabout32,000bioengineersworkinginvariousareasofhealthtechnology.无论什么日期,生物医学工程提供了先进的医疗技术来改善人类健康。生物医学工程成就范围从早期设备,如拐杖,松糕鞋,木制的牙齿,和不断变化的缓存工具在医生的黑包,更现代的奇迹,包括心脏起搏器、人工心肺机,透析机器,诊断设备
7、,各种成像技术,和人造器官,移植和先进的假肢。美国国家工程学院的估计,目前大约有32000生物各领域工作的卫生技术。Asanacademicendeavor,therootsofbiomedicalengineeringreachbacktoearlydevelopmentsinelectrophysiology,whichoriginatedabout200yearsago.Anearlylandmarkinelectrophysiologyoccurredin1848whenDuBoisReym
8、ondpublishedthewidelyrecognizedUeberdietierischeElektrizitaet.Raymond’scontemporary,HermannvonHelmholtz,iscreditedwithapplyingengineeringprinciplestoaprobleminphysiologyanddentifyingtheresistanceofmuscleandnervoustissuestodirectcurrent.
