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1、专八必备—人文知识(不看是你的损失)1.ATaleofTwoCitieswaswrittenbyCharlesDickens.2.Phonology:Thestudyofspeechsoundsinlanguageoralanguagewithreferencetotheirdistributionandpatterningandtotacitrulesgoverningpronunciation.音位学;在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学,音系学3.Syntax:Thestudyoftheruleswhereb
2、ywordsorotherelementsofsentencestructurearecombinedtoformgrammaticalsentences.句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4.Semantics:Thestudyorscienceofmeaninginlanguageforms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5.acronym:首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO,UNESCO,BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是Initialism。6.Metonymy:Afigureofspeechin
3、whichonewordorphraseissubstitutedforanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated,asintheuseofWashingtonfortheUnitedStatesgovernmentoroftheswordformilitarypower.换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。7.Simile:Afigureofspeechinwhichtwoessential
4、lyunlikethingsarecompared,ofteninaphraseintroducedbylikeoras,asinHowlikethewinterhathmyabsencebeenorSoareyoutomythoughtsasfoodtolife(Shakespeare).明喻,一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由like或as引导的短语中，如“我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）8.Metaphor:Afigureofspeechinwhichawordorphrasetha
5、tordinarilydesignatesonethingisusedtodesignateanother,thusmakinganimplicitcomparison,asinaseaoftroublesorAlltheworld'sastage(Shakespeare)隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如“忧愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚)theshipofdesert沙漠之舟9.Oxymoron:Arhetoricalfigureinwhichincongruousorcontradicto
6、rytermsarecombined,asinadeafeningsilenceandamournfuloptimist.矛盾修饰法,一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观cruelkindness10.TheaffectionnamegiventotheclocktoweroftheHousesofParliament,WestminsterisBigBen.11.JohnMiltonthepoetwroteofAdamandEve’sexpulsionfromtheGardenofEdeninParadiseLo
7、st.ParadiseRegainedwasalsowrittenbyhim.12.Sonnet:A14-lineverseformusuallyhavingoneofseveralconventionalrhymeschemes.十四行诗体,一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形式,莎士比亚用过此诗体。13.Slang:Akindoflanguageoccurringchieflyincasualandplayfulspeech,madeuptypicallyofshort-livedcoinagesandfiguresofspeechth
8、ataredeliberatelyusedinplaceofstandardte
