环境统计学2007B试卷答案.doc

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1、杭州师范学院生命与环境科学学院2006-2007学年第一学期期末考试《环境统计学》试卷（B）答案班级：学号：姓名：题号一二三四五总分得分评卷签名一、名词解释（共20分，每小题4分）得分1.数据和数据类型（Dataandtypesofdata）Thenumericalfactsthatreflectthevariablearedata(Onenumericalfactisadatum):Quantitativedata,ranked(ordinal)data,andcategorical(nomin

2、al)data2.参数分析须满足的三个假设（Thethreeassumptionsforparametricanalyses）Normality,additivity,andhomogeneity3.正态分布曲线的特点（Propertiesofthenormaldistributioncurve）lNormaldistributioncurvesarebell-shapedandbilaterallysymmetrical.ThetailsofthecurveapproachtheX-axis,b

3、utnevertouchit.  Althoughthegraphwillgoonindefinitely,theareaunderthegraphisconsideredtohaveaunitof1.00 lAlsouniqueaboutthenormaldistributioncurveisthatthemean,median,andmodearethesamevaluelThemodeandmediancanbeestimatedbysimplylookingatagraph: themod

4、eisthevaluewiththehighestfrequency,andthemedianisthemiddlepoint. Itishardertoestimatethemean,however,asthatdependsontherangeofvalues4.协方差分析的基本步骤（Thegeneralproceduresforanalysisofcovariance）lToexamineifdataaresuitableforparametricanalyseslToexamineifth

5、einvolvedlinearregressionlinesarestatisticallysignificantlToexamineiftheinvolvedlinearregressionlinesareparallel.Ifso,thencalculatethecommonslopelToexamineiftheinterceptsdiffersignificantly.Ifso,thencorrectobservedvalueslToshowdifferencesinadjustedmea

6、nsamongsampleusingmultiplecomparison5.现代科学研究的基本步骤（Thegeneralproceduresformodernscientificresearches）lObservationofaparticulareventlStatementoftheproblemlFormulationofahypothesislMakingapredictionlDesignoftheexperimentlStatisticalanalysesofdatalConclus

7、ion二、基础统计分析题（共20分）得分1.用下表人类头发颜色观测频次（O）的抽样数据，要求：（1）填写头发颜色的理论频次分布；（2）用卡方好适度检测和对数似然比例（G检验）检测人类黑色、棕色、白色、金色和红色头发颜色是否吻合5:3:2:2:1的颜色分布[Thefollowingsampledataarerecordedastheobservedfrequencies(O),bywhichyoumayusetotestwhetherthesamplecomesfromapopulationhavi

8、nga5:3:2:2:1colorpatternofblacktobrowntowhitetoblondtoredhaircolorations.Youareasked:(1)toshowtheexpectedfrequencies(E),and(2)todecidethetruenessofthenullhypothesis(H0)usingChi-squaregoodnessoffit(X2test)andLog-likelihoodratio(G-test).Pleaseno