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1、ParallelismandothersentenceProblems1ParallelStructurevs.FaultyParallelism2DanglingandMisplacedModifiers3InappropriateShiftsinTenseInappropriateShiftsinMoodInappropriateShiftsinPersonInappropriateShiftsinVoice1Whatisfaultyparallelism?Lookoutforfaultyparallelismwh
2、eneveryouuseoneofthefollowingconstructions:aandba,b,andcaorba,b,orcnotonlyabutalsob2Theclausesorphrasesjoinedbytheconjunctionsshouldhavesimilargrammaticalstructurestoensurethatyourreadercanfollowthelogicofyoursentenceandtoavoidawkwardness.Considerthesentence,Myf
3、irst-yearphilosophyprofessorwasinformative,lively,andasourceofinspiration.Noticethatthefirsttwophrasesinthea,b,andcconstructionareadjectives,whilethethirdisanounphrase.Thissentencesuffersfromfaultyparallelism.31ParallelStructurevs.FaultyParallelismGoodwritingemp
4、loysparallelgrammaticalstructurex...toexplorestrange,newworlds;toseekoutnewlifeandnewcivilizations;andsothatwecanboldlygowherenomanhasgonebefore.(Thispassageexhibitsfaultyparallelism;theitemsinthelistdonotfollowthesamegrammaticalpattern.)√...toexplorestrangeneww
5、orlds;toseekoutnewlifeandnewcivilizations;toboldlygowherenomanhasgonebefore.(Theproblemhasbeenfixed,butthepassagecoulduseattentionforafewotherreasons--splitinfinitive,lackofgender-neutrallanguage.)4Allitemsinalistshouldfollowthesamegrammaticalpattern.×Iliketorun
6、inthepark,sleepinglate,andit'salsofuntomakehomevideos.√Ilikerunninginthepark,sleepinglate,andmakinghomevideos.√It'sfuntoruninthepark,sleeplate,andmakehomevideos.(Presumablynotallatonce...."or"mightbeabetterconjunction.)56Howtoidentifyandrepairfaultyparallelism1。
7、Myfirst-yearphilosophyprofessorwasinformative,lively,andasourceofinspiration.Torepairthefaultyparallelismhere,youwillhavetochangetheelementsaandbintonounphrasesortheelementcintoanadjective.Alwayschoosethesimplestoption.Inthiscaseitiseasiesttochangethefinalelemen
8、t,c,intoanadjective:Myfirst-yearphilosophyprofessorwasinformative,lively,andinspiring.72NotParallel:Marylikeshiking,swimming,andtorideabicycle.Parallel:Marylikeshikin
