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1、“Liquefaction”KeytoMuchofJapaneseEarthquakeDamage“液化”是日本地震破坏的关键ThemassivesubductionzoneearthquakeinJapancausedasignificantlevelofsoil"liquefaction"thathassurprisedresearcherswithits widespreadseverity,anewanalysisshows.一份分析报告表明,在日本,巨大的俯冲带地震致使土壤液化的程度之严重,范围之广令研究者们着
2、实吃了一惊。"We'veseenlocalizedexamplesofsoilliquefactionasextremeasthisbefore,butthedistanceand extentofdamageinJapanwereunusuallysevere,"saidScottAshford,aprofessorofgeotechnicalengineeringatOregonStateUniversity."Entirestructuresweretiltedandsinkingintothesediments,
3、"Ashfordsaid."Theshiftsinsoildestroyedwater,drainandgaspipelines6,cripplingtheutilitiesandinfrastructurethesecommunitiesneedto function.Wesawsomeplacesthatsankasmuchasfourfeet."“我们以前也看到过这么严重的小范围的土壤液化现象,但是,日本的破坏程度范围之广是极为严重的。所有结构都倾斜了并陷到沉淀物中,土壤中的断层摧毁了自来水管、排水和煤气管道,社区
4、的公共和基础设施陷于瘫痪。我们看到有些地区下陷了四英尺”。来自俄勒冈州立大学岩土工程系的ScottAshford说到。Somedegreeofsoilliquefactioniscommoninalmostanymajorearthquake.It'saphenomenoninwhichsoilssoakedwithwater,particularlyrecentsedimentsorsand,canlosemuchoftheir strengthandflowduringanearthquake.Thiscanallo
5、wstructurestoshiftorsinkorcollapse.几乎任何大地震都会带来某种程度的土壤液化。这种现象是由于地震中浸满了水的土壤,尤其刚沉淀下来的沉淀物或细砂土在振动作用下突然失去支撑的力量而呈现液态变化。从而导致地面建筑物移动、下沉或倒塌。Butmostearthquakesaremuch shorterthantherecenteventinJapan,Ashfordsaid.ThelengthoftheJapaneseearthquake,asmuchasfiveminutes,mayforcer
6、esearcherstoreconsidertheextentofliquefactiondamagepossiblyoccurringinsituationssuchasthis.“然而,多数地震比起最近日本发生的地震持续时间都短的多”。Ashford说道。日本发生的地震持续了五分钟,这就促使研究者们重新审视类似这次(持续时间长的)地震中液化可能造成的毁坏规模。"Withsuchalong-lastingearthquake,wesaw howstructuresthatmighthavebeenokayafter30
7、secondsjustcontinuedtosinkandtiltastheshakingcontinuedforseveralmoreminutes,"hesaid."Anditwasclearthatyoungersediments,andespeciallyareasbuiltonrecentlyfilledground,aremuchmorevulnerable."“由于地震持续时间长,我们看到以前的地震持续30秒时地面建筑物仍旧完好无损,如果震动再延续几分钟,建筑物就会继续下沉或倾斜,很明显,那些建造在新近填就
8、的地面上的建筑物最易受到伤害。”Ashford讲到。ThedataprovidedbyanalyzingtheJapaneseearthquake,researcherssaid,shouldmakeitpossibletoimprovetheunderstandingofthissoil phenomenonand