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1、ResearchPaperAliceBillon-Galland,ThomasRainesandRichardG.WhitmanEuropeProgramme
2、July2020TheFutureoftheE3Post-BrexitCooperationBetweentheUK,FranceandGermanySummary•Sinceitsinceptioninthe2003nuclearnegotiationswithIran,theE3hasbecomeanestablishedformatfordiplomaticcooperationbetweenFrance,G
3、ermanyandtheUK.Itnowactsasavehicleforcoordinationonabroaderrangeofinternationalissues.TheE3,frequentlyworkingalongsidetheEU,hasbeenaneffectivemeansofefficientconsensus-buildingandEuropeanleadership,althoughitsimpactoutsideoftheIranissuehassofarbeenlimited.•FollowingtheUK’sdeparturefromthe
4、EU,E3cooperationwilltakeplaceinadifferentstrategicandpoliticalcontext.WhileFranceandGermanyhaveindicatedongoingsupportfortheformatandcooperationhassofarbeeninsulatedfromtheBrexitprocess,thefutureforeignandsecuritypolicyrelationshipbetweentheUKandtheEUwillinfluencetheextentandnatureofE3coo
5、peration.•Overthelongerterm,theutilityofE3cooperationwilldependonthestateoftransatlanticrelationsandthedevelopmentoftheEU’sforeign,securityanddefencepolicies.•TheUK’songoingIntegratedSecurity,DefenceandForeignPolicyReviewoffersanopportunitytoconsiderthefutureoftheE3andprioritizethedevelop
6、mentofE3cooperation.TheUKgovernmentshouldseektomaintaintheE3asaplatformforflexiblediplomaticcoordinationandexpanditsfocustoaddressanewsetofthematic,regionalormultilateralchallenges.IntroductionThispaperexplorestheoriginsoftheE3(European/EU3)formatofdiplomaticcoordinationbetweenFrance,Germ
7、anyandtheUK,anditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ItaddressesthepotentialroleoftheE3overthecomingdecadeandhowtheUKcanmakethebestuseofthisformat.ThefirstsectionexaminestheoriginandsignificanceoftheE3format,fromtheIrannucleardealtobroaderdiplomaticcoordination,anddiscussesitsstrengthsandweaknesse
8、s.ThesecondsectionanalysesthecurrentpoliticalcontextandtheimpactoftheUK’swithdrawalfromtheEUontheE3.ThethirdsectionexaminestheperspectivesofFranceandGermanyaswellasthepoliticaldynamicswithintheE3.Thefourthsectionexploreshowpoliticalandstrategicdevelopmentsoverthenex
