启蒙运动英文简介课件.ppt

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1、TheEnlightenment18century:EnlightenmentBeliefinnaturallawanduniversalorderConfidenceinhumanreasonRationalandscientificapproachtoreligious,social,political,andeconomicissuesSecularviewoftheworldGeneralsenseofprogressandperfectibilityResultAtlanticRevolutionAmericanRevolutionAmericanDec

2、larationofIndependenceTheUnitedStatesBillofRightstheFrenchDeclarationofrightsofManandoftheCitizenPolish–LithuanianConstitutionofMay31791“TheEnlightenmentismankind‘sfinalcomingofage,theemancipation(解放)ofthehumanconsciousnessfromanimmaturestateofignorance(无知)anderror.“-ImmanuelKantTheAg

3、eofEnlightenment(orAgeofReason)wasaneliteculturalmovementofintellectualsin18thcenturyEuropethatsought(寻求)tousethepowerofreason(理性)inordertoreformsocietyandadvanceknowledge.Itpromoted(促进)intellectualinterchangeandopposedintolerance(偏执)andabusesinChurchandstate.Originatingabout1650–1700

4、,itwassparkedbyphilosophersamongthemwereBaruchSpinoza(1632–1677),JohnLocke(1632–1704),mathematicianIsaacNewton(1643–1727)andothers.Rulingprincesoftenendorsed(赞同)andfostered(培养)Enlightenmentfiguresandevenattemptedtoapply(应用)theirideasofgovernment.TheEnlightenmentflourished(繁荣兴旺)untilab

5、out1790–1800,afterwhichtheemphasisonreasongavewaytoRomanticism‘semphasisonemotionandaCounter-EnlightenmentgainedforceDiderot德尼·狄德罗DenisDiderotwasaFrenchphilosopher,artcritic,andwriter.HewasaprominentpersonduringtheEnlightenmentandisbestknownforservingasco-founderandchiefeditorofandcon

6、tributortotheEncyclopedie.EncyclopedieThefirstEncyclopedia(百科全书)isconsideredtobethepinnacle(顶点)oftheEnlightenmentperiod.ItwascompiledbyDenisDiderotin1751-1772.EncyclopedieIthadcontributionsfromhundredsofleadingintellectuals(知识分子)calledphilosophes.AmongthemwereVoltaire(1694–1778),Rouss

7、eau(1712–1778)andMontesquieu(1689–1755).Some25,000copiesofthe35volumesetweresold,halfofthemoutsideFrance.VoltaireHewasfamousforhiswitandforhisadvocacy(提倡)ofcivilliberties(公民自由),includingfreedomofreligion,freetrade,andseparationofchurchandstate.Voltairewasaprolificwriter,producingworks

8、inalm