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1、Drama——熊梦蕴●Drama♣Dramaisthespecificmodeoffictionrepresentedinperformance.ThetermcomesfromaGreekwordmeaning"action"whichisderivedfrom"todo".Theenactmentofdramaintheatre,performedbyactorsonastagebeforeanaudience,presupposes(预先假定)collaborative（合作的）modesofproductionandacollectiveformofrece
2、ption.♣Thestructureofdramatictexts,unlikeotherformsofliterature,isdirectlyinfluencedbythiscollaborativeproductionandcollectivereception●HistoryofWesterndrama♠ClassicalAtheniandrama♣WesterndramaoriginatesinclassicalGreece.Thetheatricalcultureofthecity-stateofAthensproducedthreegenresofd
3、rama:tragedy,comedy,andthesatyrplay(【古希腊】森林之神滑稽短歌剧, 萨堤罗斯滑稽剧).Theiroriginsremainobscure,thoughbythe5thcenturyBCEtheywereinstitutionalisedincompetitionsheldaspartoffestivitiescelebratingthegodDionysus（狄俄尼索斯：酒神和宗教狂欢庆祝大自然权力和丰饶之神）.●Satyrplay♠SatyrplayswereanancientGreekformoftragicomedy,sim
4、ilarinspirittoburlesque(讽刺作品).Theyfeaturedchorusesofsatyrs,werebasedonGreekmythology,andwererifewithmockdrunkenness,brazensexuality,pranks,sightgags,andgeneralmerriment.SatyricdramawasoneofthethreevarietiesofAtheniandrama,theothertwobeingtragedyandcomedy.ItcanbetracedbacktoPratinasofPh
5、lius,circa500BC.Papposilenusplayingthecrotals,theatricaltypeofthesatyrplay♠Romandrama♣FollowingtheexpansionoftheRomanRepublic(509–27BCE)intoGreekbetween270–240BCE,RomeencounteredGreekdrama.FromthelateryearsoftherepublicandtheRomanEmpire(27BCE-476CE),theatrespreadwestacrossEurope,around
6、theMediterraneanandreachedEngland;Romantheatrewasmorevaried,extensiveandsophisticatedthanthatofanyculturebeforeit.♣WhileGreekdramacontinuedtobeperformedthroughouttheRomanperiod,theyear240BCEmarksthebeginningofregularRomandrama.♣ThefirstimportantworksofRomanliteraturewerethetragediesand
7、comediesthatLiviusAndronicuswrotefrom240BCE.♠Medieval♣IntheMiddleAges,dramainthevernacular(本地语言)languagesofEuropemayhaveemergedfromreligiousenactmentsoftheliturgy(礼拜仪式).Mysteryplayswerepresentedontheporchofthecathedralsorbystrollingplayersonfeastdays.♠ElizabethanandJacobean♣Oneoftheg
