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1、SpeechActTheorykerisIntroductionSpeechacttheoryisamajortheoryofbothlanguagephilosophyandpragmatics.ItwasoriginallyputforwardbyordinarylanguagephilosophyJohnL.AustinandJohnR.Searleintheearlyfiftiesofthelastcentury.Theessenceofthistheorymainlyconcernsthatlanguageisoftenused
2、to“dothings”,toperformactsandtoemphasizereallanguageusageinactualsituation.Itchallengesthe“truth-value”statementandopensanewareaoflinguistics--pragmatics.Thistheoryexplainsthenatureoflinguisticcommunication.Thecoreofthecommunicationistodealwithlanguage,thingsandaction.Con
3、stativesVSPerformativesConstativesarestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andtheyhavethepropertyofbeingeithertrueorfalse.Performatives,bycontrast,havenotruth-value;theyareusedtodosomething.Constativeutterance（言有所述）Theearthisround./Wearehavingclass.Performativeutterance（言有所
4、为）Ipromisetogiveyoutendollars.FelicityconditionsA.(i)Theremustbeaconventionalprocedurehavingaconventionaleffect.(ii)Thecircumstancesandpersonsmustbeappropriate,asspecifiedintheprocedure.B.Theproceduremusebeexecuted(i)correctlyand(ii)completely.C.(i)Thepersonsmusthavethere
5、quisitethoughts,feelingsandintentions,asspecifiedintheprocedure,and(ii)ifconsequentconductisspecified,therelevantpartiesmustsodo.ExplicitperformativesVSImplicitperformativesFirstpersonsubject,simplepresenttense,indicativemood,activevoice,performativeverbsIpromiseIwillatte
6、ndyourwedding.IpromiseI’llbethere.IadmitIwasfoolish.withoutperformativeverbsIwillattendyourwedding.Howaboutsometea?Sitdown.Aperformativeverb isa verb thatexplicitlyconveysthekindof speechact beingperformed—suchas promise,invite,apologize, predict,vow,request,warn,insist,
7、and forbid.CollapseofthedichotomyProblems:Containingaperformativeverbdoesnotnecessarilymaketheutteranceitselfperformative.IpromisedtoherthatIwouldhelpher.Everyactofsayingisdoing.--Directspeechact--IndirectspeechactWillyougoornot?/I’maskingyouifyouwillgoornot.He’sdishonest
8、./I’mtellingyouthatheisdishonest.Anutterancewithaperformativeverbmaynotbethetypeofactsuggestedby
