高中有机化学方程式分类知识讲解.doc

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1、高中有机化学方程式分类有机化学方程式归纳湖南慈利二中李锡剑一、取代反应R-H+X2R-X+HXCH4+Cl2CH3Cl+HClCH3Cl+Cl2CH2Cl2+HClCH2Cl2+Cl2CHCl3+HClCHCl3+Cl2CCl4+HCl+HO-NO2NO2+H2O+Br2Br+HBrCH3-CH2-Br+H2OCH3CH2OH+HBr2CH3─CH2OHC2H5OC2H5+H2O二、加成反应CH2=CH2+H2CH3─CH3CH2=CH2+H2CH3─CH3CH2=CH2+HCl→CH3─CH2ClCH2=CH2+H2OCH3─CH2OHCHCH+H2CH2=CH2CHCH+

2、2H2CH3─CH3CHCH+HClCH2=CHCl+3H2RCHO+H2R─CH2OHCH3CHO+H2CH3─CH2OHOH+3H2OH(C17H33COO)3C3H5+3H2(C17H35COO)3C3H5三、氧化反应CxHy+(x+)O2xCO2+H2OCH4+2O2CO2+2H2O2CH2=CH2+O22CH3CHO2C2H2+5O24CO2+2H2O2C6H6+15O212CO2+6H2O2CH3─CH2OH+O22CH3CHO+2H2O2CH3CHO+O22CH3COOHRCHO+2Cu(OH)2R─COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2OCH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2C

3、H3COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2OCH3CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OHCH3COONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+2H2OCH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OHCH2OH(CHOH)4COOH+2Ag+4NH3+H2O四、水解反应CH3-CH2-Br+H2OCH3─CH2OH+HBrRCOOR'+H2ORCOOH+HOR'RCOOR'+NaOHRCOONa+HOR'CH3COOC2H5+H2OCH3COOH+C2H5OHCH3COOC2H5+NaOHCH3COONa+C2H5OH(C17H35COO)3C3H5+3H2O3C17H35COOH+C3H5(OH)3(

4、C17H35COO)3C3H5+3NaOH3C17H35COONa+C3H5(OH)3(C6H10O5)n+nH2OnC6H12O6（淀粉）（葡萄糖）C12H22O11+H2OC6H12O6+C6H12O6（蔗糖）　　　(葡萄糖)(果糖)C12H22O11+H2O2C6H12O6（麦芽糖）　　（葡萄糖）(C6H10O5)n+nH2OnC6H12O6（纤维素）（葡萄糖）五、酯化反应CH3COOH+HOC2H5CH3COOC2H5+H2ORCOOH+HOR'RCOOR'+H2OCH3COOH+H18OC2H5CH3CO18OC2H5+H2O3C17H35COOH+C3H5(OH)

5、3(C17H35COO)3C3H5+3H2O六、消去反应CnH2n+1X+NaOHCnH2n+NaX+H2OCH3CH2Br+NaOHCH2=CH2↑+NaBr+H2OCH3─CH2OHCH2=CH2+H2O七、加聚反应nCH2=CH2［—CH2—CH2］—n八、缩聚反应nHO-CH2-CH2-COOH［—O-CH2-CH2-C］—n+nH2O九、裂化反应CH4C+2H2C16H34C8H18+C8H16C8H18C4H10+C4H8C4H10C2H6+C2H4C4H10CH4+C3H6十、置换反应2CH3─CH2OH+2Na2CH3─CH2ONa+H2↑2OH+2Na2ON

6、a+H2↑2CH3COOH+2Na2CH3COONa+H2↑十一、其它反应OH+NaOHONa+H2OONa+CO2+H2OOH+NaHCO3CH3COOH+NaOHCH3COONa+H2O2CH3COOH+CuO(CH3COO)2Cu+H2O2CH3COOH+Na2CO32CH3COONa+CO2↑+H2O有机离子反应2CH3COOH+Cu(OH)22CH3COO－+Cu2++2H2O2CH3COOH+CaOCa2++2CH3COO－+H2O2CH3COOH+ZnZn2++H2↑+2CH3COO－2CH3COOH+CaCO3Ca2++2CH3COO－+CO2↑+H2O·O-

7、+CO2+H2OOH+HCO3-高中有机化学24考点1．常温常压下为气态的有机物：含有1~4个碳原子的烃、新戊烷(沸点9.5℃)、一氯甲烷、甲醛； 2．所含碳原子数较少的醇、醛、羧酸易溶于水；卤代烃、硝基化合物、醚、酯都难溶于水； 3．所有烃、酯的密度都小于lg·cm-3，而多类卤代烃、硝基化合物的密度都大于lg·cm-3； 4．能使溴水褪色的有机物：烯烃、炔烃、苯酚及其同系物、含醛基的化合物和含不饱和碳碳键的其他有机物； 5．能使酸性KMnO4溶液褪色的有机物：烯烃、炔烃、苯的同系物、醇类、酚类、含醛