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1、Chapter6SyntaxAstudyofsentences:sentencestructureandformation6.1definitionofsyntax:howthewordsofalanguagecanbecombinedtomakelargerunits,suchasphrases,clauses(分句)andsentences.Itstudiestheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsofthesentencestructureandtherulesg
2、overningtheproductionofsentences6.2Grammar:syntaxandmorphologyGrammarstudiesthemorphologicalandsyntacticrulesoflanguage.Itexcludesphonetics,phonology,semantics.Grammarincludesmorphologyandsyntax;Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandwordformati
3、onprocessesSyntaxdealswiththesentencestructuresandproducton.Statically(静态的):sentencestructure;dynamically:sentencegeneration.6.3syntagmatic,paradigmaticandhierarchicalrelations6.3thesyntagmaticrelationshipreferstothelinearrelationshipbetweentheconstitue
4、nts(成分)(syntagmsorsyntagmas组成成分).HeisfromAmericaSetsofsyntagmaticallyrelatedconstituentsarecalledstructureParadigmaticrelationsorassociativerelationsreferstothesetofrelationsalinguistcunithaswithotherunitsinaspecificcontext.Paradigmaticrelationsholdbetw
5、eenanitemandsimilaronesthatcanappearinthesamepositioninasequenceParadigmaticrelatonsholdbetweenthelinguisticelementswithinasentenceandthoseoutsidethesentence.Classesofparadigmaticallyrelatedelementsarecalledsystem,like“personsystem(人称系统)I/you/he/we/you/
6、theylikedtheplay.Syntacticcategories(句法范畴)refertothelinguisticformsthathaveparadigmaticrelations.Theyincludelexicalcategories(词汇范畴)andnon-lexicalcategories.Lexicalcategories:Noun(N):book,table.Verb(V);hit,tellAdjective(Adj):good,badAdverb(Adv):greatlyDe
7、terminer(Det)(限定词):a,this,his,Preposition(P):oninconjunction(Conj);andifInterjection(Int)(感叹词):oh,ahPhrasalcategories:Nounphrase(NP):abookVerbphrase(VP):singasongAdjectivephrase(AP):verygoodAdverbphrase(ADVP):verywell,Auxiliaryphrase(AUX)(助动词):tense,mod
8、el,perf,prog:be,may,Prepositionalphrase(PP):intheroomHierarchicalstructure(层次结构)refertotheinnerlayering(内部层次关系)ofsentences,thatis,sentencesconsistingofphrasesandphrasesinturnarecomposedofwords.Hierarchicalstructurecanbeanalysedby
