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1、重要概念morpheme:Amorphemeistheminimaldistinctivegrammaticalunit,andisthelowestunitingrammaticalhierarchy.Morphemesareactuallyabstractelementsofanalysis.Whatoccursisanorthographicforminwritingtermed“morph”whichrealizesthemorpheme.parsing：Breakingasentenceintosmallercompo
2、nentsforanalysisandthengroupingthemintovariousclassesinasystematicway.complexsentenceThecomplexsentenceisasentencethatcontainsmorethanoneclausethatarejoinedtogetherbysubordinatingonetoanother．Alternativequestions:Thosequestionsthatsuggesttwo(ormore)alternativesandusu
3、allyimplythatoneofthemcouldbetrue.How-exclamations:Exclamationsthatareledbytheadverb‘how’.Ithighlightstheadjective,adverb,orverbinexclamations..Collectivenoun:Thesearegenerallycountablenouns,buteveninthesingulartheyrefertogroupsofpeople,animalsorthings,suchasfamily,c
4、lass,team,government,committee,etc.Propernoun:Propernounsarenounsreferringtospecificperson,placeorthing,suchasSmith,Mark(persons),WashingtonD.C.,London(places),NATO,UnitedNations(things)Massnoun:Thosethatcannottakepluralaremassnouns,suchasbutter,cheese,homeworkmusic,
5、etc.Unitnoun:Itisalsocalled"partitive",isaveryspecialclassofwordsthatisusedtospecifythequantitiesmeasuresandshapesofthemodifiednounsuchas:piece,batch,bunch,item,etc.Foreignplurals：Theyarewordsborrowedfromsomeotherlanguageswhichstilltaketheiroriginalformsofplural，Most
6、often，theyarefrom-Latin，French，Greek：alumna--alumnae，index--indices，plateau--plateaux，analysis—analyses，etc．singularinvariables:Theyarepropernounslikecountrynames,personalnamesandmassnounslikethosedenotingsciences,subjects,diseases,andgames.Forexample:theUnitedStates
7、，theUnitedNations，Black，Jones，classics，physics，bronchitis，bowls，et。．pluralinvariables：Theyare1)namesoftoolsandarticlesofdressconsistingoftwoequalparts：binoculars，compasses，jeans，shorts，etc．2)somecollectivenouns：cattle，people，police，etc．3)geographicalnamesofmountainra
8、nges，waterfalls，groupsofislands：theRockies，theBalkans，NiagaraFalls，etc．4)othernounsendingin-s：archives，arms，etc．Tense:Anyoneofthein
