国际经济学第三章课件.ppt

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1、InternationalTradeTheoryChapter3.TheStandardTheoryofInternationalTradeOUTLINE3.1Introduction3.2TheProductionFrontierwithIncreasingCosts3.3CommunityIndifferenceCurves3.4EquilibriuminIsolation3.5TheBasisforandtheGainsfromTradewithIncreasingCosts3.6TradeBasedo

2、nDifferencesinTastes3.1IntroductionThischapterextendsoursimpletrademodeltothemorerealisticcase.Thatis,wewillintroducethecaseofincreasingopportunitycosts:productionfrontier.Tastesordemandpreferencesarealsointroduced:communityindifferencecurvesWewillthenseeho

3、wtheseforcesofsupplyanddemanddeterminetheequilibrium-relativecommoditypriceineachnationintheabsenceoftrade(i.e.,thecomparativeadvantageofeachnation.)3.2TheProductionFrontierwithIncreasingCosts3.2A.Constantopportunitycostsvs.increasingopportunitycosts(1)Cons

4、tantopportunitycosts:Regardlessofthelevelofoutput,thenationmustgiveupthesameamountofonecommoditytoproduceeachadditionalunityofanothercommodity.Productionfrontierisastraightline.(2)Increasingopportunitycosts:thenationmustgiveupmoreandmoreononecommoditytorel

5、easejustenoughresourcestoproduceeachadditionalunitofanothercommodity.Productionfrontierisconcavefromtheorigin.3.2TheProductionFrontierwithIncreasingCostsFigure3.1.ProductionFrontiersofNation1andnation2withIncreasingCosts3.2TheProductionFrontierwithIncreasi

6、ngCosts3.2B.TheMarginalRateofTransformation(MRT)MRTofXforYreferstotheamountofYthatanationmustgiveuptoproduceeachadditionalunityofX.=theopportunitycostofX.=theslopeoftheproductionfrontieratthepointofproduction.Withincreasingopportunitycosts,theMRT(i.e.,thesl

7、opeoftheproductionfrontier)increases,astheproductionpointmovesfromAtoB.e.g.,MRT=1/4atpointA.MRT=1atpointB.3.2TheProductionFrontierwithIncreasingCosts3.2C.ReasonsforIncreasingOpportunityCostsandDifferentProductionFrontiersReasonsforIncreasingopportunitycosts

8、:(1)factorsofproductionarenothomogeneous.(2)factorsofproductionarenotusedinthesamefixedproportionorintensityintheproductionofallgoods.Examples:Reasonsfordifferentproductionfrontiers:(1)differentfactore