萨缪尔森 微观经济学讲义课件.ppt

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1、ChapterThirty-ThreeExternalitiesExternalitiesAnexternalityisacostorabenefitimposeduponaconsumerorafirmbyactionstakenbyothers.Thecostorbenefitisthusgeneratedexternallytotheconsumerorthefirm.Anexternallyimposedbenefitisapositiveexternality.Anexternallyimposedcostisanegativeexternality.ExamplesofNeg

2、ativeExternalitiesAirpollution.Waterpollution.Loudpartiesnextdoor.Trafficcongestion.Second-handcigarettesmokesufferedbyanon-smoker.Increasedhealthinsurancepremiaduetoalcoholortobaccoconsumption.ExamplesofPositiveExternalitiesAwell-maintainedpropertynextdoorthatraisesthemarketvalueofyourownpropert

3、y.Apleasantcologneorscentwornbythepersonseatednexttoyou.Improveddrivinghabitsthatreduceaccidentrisks.Ascientificadvance.ExternalitiesandEfficiencyThecrucialfeatureofanexternalityisthatitimpactsathirdparty;thatis,somebodywhoisnotdirectlyaparticipantintheactivitywhichproducestheexternalcostorbenefi

4、t.ExternalitiesandEfficiencyExternalitiescauseParetoinefficiency;typicallytoomuchscarceresourceisallocatedtoanactivitywhichcausesanegativeexternalitytoolittleresourceisallocatedtoanactivitywhichcausesapositiveexternality.ExternalitiesandPropertyRightsAnexternalitywillbetakentobeapurelypubliccommo

5、dity.Acommodityispurelypublicifitisconsumedbyeveryone(nonexcludability),andeverybodyconsumestheentireamountofthecommodity(nonrivalryinconsumption).E.g.abroadcasttelevisionprogram.Inefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesConsideranexampleoftwoagents,AandB,andtwocommodities,moneyandsmoke.Bothsmokeandmoney

6、aregoodsforAgentA.MoneyisagoodandsmokeisabadforAgentB.Smokeisapurelypubliccommodity.Inefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesAgentAisendowedwith$yA.AgentBisendowedwith$yB.Smokeintensityismeasuredonascalefrom0(nosmoke)to1(maximumconcentration).Inefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOA10SmokemAyAMoneyandsmokea

7、rebothgoodsforAgentA.Inefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOA10SmokemAyAMoneyandsmokearebothgoodsforAgentA.BetterInefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOB10SmokemByBMoneyisagoodandsmokeisabadforAgentB.BetterInefficiency&Negat