国际贸易原理与实务-资料整理.doc

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1、1.贸易分类Classificationofinternationaltrade：Exporttrade,Importtrade,Transittrade。Directtrade,Indirecttrade,Entrepottrade。Visibletrade,Invisibletrade.2.ICC:InternationalChamberOfCommercial(国际商会)3.Mercantilism重商：referstotheschoolofeconomicthoughtthatcameintoexistenceinEuropeduringtheperiodfrom1500to175

2、0.thetradetheorythatstatesthatnationsshouldaccumulatefinancialwealth,usuallyintheformofgold,byencouragingexportsanddiscouragingimportsiscalledmercantilism.Themainproblemwithmercantilismisthatallcountriesengagedinexportbutwasrestrictedfromimport,anotherpreventionfromdevelopmentofinternationaltrade.

3、4.absoluteofadvantage绝对优势：AdamSmithdevelopedthetradetheoryofabsoluteadvantagein1776.Smithstatedthattariffsandquotasshouldnotrestrictinternationaltrade;itshouldbeallowedtoflowaccordingtomarketforces.ContrarytomercantilismSmitharguedthatacountryshouldconcentrateonproductionofgoodsinwhichitholdsanabs

4、oluteadvantage.Nocountrywouldthenneedtoproduceallthegoodsitconsumed.Accordingtotheabsoluteadvantagetheory,internationaltradeisapositive-sumgame,becausetherearegainsforbothcountriestoanexchange.5.ComparativeAdvantage相对优势:firstintroducedbyDavidRicardoin1817.Theprincipleofcomparativeadvantagestatesth

5、atacountryshouldspecialiseinproducingandexportingthoseproductsinwhichishasacomparative,orrelativecost,advantagecomparedwithothercountriesandshouldimportthosegoodsinwhichithasacomparativedisadvantage.Outofsuchspecialisation,itisargued,willaccruegreaterbenefitforall.6.Reasonsfortraderestrictions:①ad

6、iversifiedeconomytobelessdependentonforeigncountriesbotheconomicallyandpolitically.②Protectvitalindustries(stabilityandeconomicdevelopment).③Infantindustryargument(anewindustryneedstobeprotecteduntilthelaborforceistrained,theproductiontechniquesaremasteredandtheoperationbecomeslargeenoughtoenjoyth

7、eeconomiesofscaleandtobeabletocompeteinthemarket.④Employment(protectdomesticjobs⑤Purepoliticalreasons7.tariffs关税：atax,orduty,leviedonacommoditywhencrossestheboundaryofacustomsarea.①Accordingtothemethodsusedinimpo