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1、电大考试复习精品资料1.贸易分类Classificationofinternationaltrade：Exporttrade,Importtrade,Transittrade。Directtrade,Indirecttrade,Entrepottrade。Visibletrade,Invisibletrade.2.ICC:InternationalChamberOfCommercial(国际商会)3.Mercantilism重商：referstotheschoolofeconomicthoughtthatcameintoexistence
2、inEuropeduringtheperiodfrom1500to1750.thetradetheorythatstatesthatnationsshouldaccumulatefinancialwealth,usuallyintheformofgold,byencouragingexportsanddiscouragingimportsiscalledmercantilism.Themainproblemwithmercantilismisthatallcountriesengagedinexportbutwasrestrictedfr
3、omimport,anotherpreventionfromdevelopmentofinternationaltrade.4.absoluteofadvantage绝对优势：AdamSmithdevelopedthetradetheoryofabsoluteadvantagein1776.Smithstatedthattariffsandquotasshouldnotrestrictinternationaltrade;itshouldbeallowedtoflowaccordingtomarketforces.Contrarytome
4、rcantilismSmitharguedthatacountryshouldconcentrateonproductionofgoodsinwhichitholdsanabsoluteadvantage.Nocountrywouldthenneedtoproduceallthegoodsitconsumed.Accordingtotheabsoluteadvantagetheory,internationaltradeisapositive-sumgame,becausetherearegainsforbothcountriestoan
5、exchange.5.ComparativeAdvantage相对优势:firstintroducedbyDavidRicardoin1817.Theprincipleofcomparativeadvantagestatesthatacountryshouldspecialiseinproducingandexportingthoseproductsinwhichishasacomparative,orrelativecost,advantagecomparedwithothercountriesandshouldimportthoseg
6、oodsinwhichithasacomparativedisadvantage.Outofsuchspecialisation,itisargued,willaccruegreaterbenefitforall.6.Reasonsfortraderestrictions:①adiversifiedeconomytobelessdependentonforeigncountriesbotheconomicallyandpolitically.②Protectvitalindustries(stabilityandeconomicdevel
7、opment).③Infantindustryargument(anewindustryneedstobeprotecteduntilthelaborforceistrained,theproductiontechniquesaremasteredandtheoperationbecomeslargeenoughtoenjoytheeconomiesofscaleandtobeabletocompeteinthemarket.④Employment(protectdomesticjobs⑤Purepoliticalreasons7.tar
8、iffs关税：atax,orduty,leviedonacommoditywhencrossestheboundaryofacustomsarea.①Accordingtothemethods
