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1、OnMarch11,2011,amagnitude9.0earthquakestruckJapan,causingadevastatingtsunamithattorethroughthecoastalregionsandleveledthevillagesinitspath.TheearthquakealsoseverelydamagednuclearreactorsattheFukushimaDaiichiPowerPlant,sparkingexplosionsandthereleaseofradioactivematerial.Recentre
2、portssuggestthatleaksfromthereactor'scoremaybeextremelydangerous,notonlythreateningworkerstherebutalsocontaminatingthefacilityandsurroundingcommunityonthelongerterm.AsJapaneseengineers,scientists,andfirefightersworktocontrolthecontinuingcrisisatthevulnerableFukushimaplant--effor
3、tsthatarehinderedbystrongaftershockearthquakes--fearsaboutthescopeofthisnucleardisasterandtheradiation'shealtheffectscontinuetospread.Radiationisenergythatistransmittedintheformofwavesorparticles.Ionizingradiationdescribeswavesorparticlesthathaveenoughenergytoremoveelectronsfrom
4、otheratoms,thuscreatingchemicallyreactiveions(chargedatoms)thatcandamagecells.2011年3月11日,日本发生9.0级地震,造成毁灭性的海啸,横扫了沿海地区,摧毁了村庄的道路。地震还严重受损福岛第一核电站核反应堆,引发爆炸和放射性物质的释放。最近的报告表明,从反应堆泄漏的核心可能是极其危险的,不仅威胁工人,但也污染的设施和周围社区。日本工程师,科学家,和消防员工作控制持续脆弱的福岛核电站危机——努力强余震地震受阻的担忧这场核灾难和天然气的范围辐射的健康影响继续传播。辐射是能量波
5、或粒子的形式传播。电离辐射描述波或粒子,有足够的精力去把电子从其他原子,从而创建化学活性离子(带电原子),会损伤细胞。IntheFukushimaplant,severaltypesofradioactiveparticleshavebeenreleasedintotheair.Chiefamongtheseareiodine-131,cesium-137,plutonium-239,andstrontium-90,eachofwhichdecaysatadifferentrateandcanhavevariouseffectsonthebody.Io
6、dine-131hasahalf-lifeof8days-meaningthatitishalfasradioactiveafter8days,thusmakingitseffectsrelativelyshort-lived.Exposuretoiodine-131cancausethyroidcancer.Withhalf-livesof30and29years,respectively,cesium-137andstrontium-90bothstayintheenvironmentforlongerperiodsoftime.Cesium-13
7、7cantravelthroughthefoodchaininmilkorvegetablesandcanincreasetheriskofvariouscancers;strontium-90isabsorbedintobonesandteethandcanincreasetheriskofleukemiaorbonecancer.Plutonium-239istoxicifinhaled.Thoughtheword"radiation"soundsmenacing,infacthumansareexposedtonaturallyoccurring
8、radiationeverydayfromthesun,cosmicrays,thesoil,
