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1、J2EEDevelopmentFrameworksJava2EnterpriseEditionhasexcelledatstandardizingmanyimportantmiddlewareconcepts.Forexample,J2EEprovidesastandardinterfacefordistributedtransactionmanagement,directoryservices,andmessaging.Inaddition,Java2StandardEdition(J2SE),whichunder
2、pinsJ2EE,providesalargelysuccessfulstandardforJavainteractionwithrelationaldatabases.However,asthe”J2EE’sLackofApplicationProgrammingSupport”sidebarexplains,theplatformhasfailedtodeliverasatisfactoryapplicationprogrammingmodel.SunMicrosystemsandthelargeapplicat
3、ionservervendorshavetraditionallyrespondedtothisproblembyadvocatingdevelopmenttoolsasawaytohideJ2EE’scomplexity.However,toolsformanagingJ2EEartifactsaren’tnearlyasgoodastoolsforworkingwiththeJavalanguage,withtheirsophisticatedrefactoringcapabilities,andJ2EEtool
4、supportisgenerallyinferiortothatoftheMicrosoft.NETplatform.ManyJ2EEtoolsarethemselvescomplex,asisthecodetheygenerate.Manyintheopensourcecommunity,especiallysmallervendors,havechosenthealternativeofdevelopingframeworksdesignedtosimplifytheexperienceofbuildingJ2E
5、Eapplications.PopularframeworkssuchasStruts,Hibernate,andtheSpringFrameworkplayanimportantroleinmanyoftoday’sJ2EEdevelopmentprojects.WHYUSEAFRAMEWORKAsoftwareframeworkisasetofclassesthatmakeupareusabledesignforanapplicationor,morecommonly,onetierofanapplication
6、.Whereasapplicationcodeandthusmanagestheflowofcontrol.ThisisoftenreferredtoastheHollywoodprinciple:”Don’tcallus,we’llcallyou.”Theapplicationdeveloperwritescodethattheframeworkwillthencallatruntime.Designingaframeworkforuseinawidevarietyofunknowncontextsischalle
7、nging.However,theframeworkapproachiswelladaptedtothecomplexitiesofJ2EEdevelopmentbecauseitcanprovideasimple,easy-to-usemodelforapplicationprogrammers.Usingawell-designedopensourceframeworkoffersmanyadvantages:*Withagoodframework,developerswriteonlythecodetheyne
8、edtowrite;Theydon’tgetboggeddownworkingdirectlywithlowinfrastructureAPIs.Thisisthekeyvalueproposition.*Awell-designedframeworkcanprovidestructureandconsistencytoanapplicatio
