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1、Unit4Lawandorder文化背景LawandLegalLawisasystemofrules,usuallyenforcedthroughasetofinstitutions.Itshapespolitics,economicsandsocietyinnumerouswaysandservesastheforemostsocialmediatorinrelationsbetweenpeople.Contractlawregulateseverythingfrombuyingabustickettot
2、radingonderivativesmarkets.Propertylawdefinesrightsandobligationsrelatedtothetransferandtitleofpersonalandrealproperty.Trustlawappliestoassetsheldforinvestmentandfinancialsecurity,whiletortlawallowsclaimsforcompensationifaperson'srightsorpropertyareharmed.
3、Iftheharmiscriminalisedinpenalcode,criminallawoffersmeansbywhichthestatecanprosecutetheperpetrator.Constitutionallawprovidesaframeworkforthecreationoflaw,theprotectionofhumanrightsandtheelectionofpoliticalrepresentatives.Administrativelawisusedtoreviewthed
4、ecisionsofgovernmentagencies,whileinternationallawgovernsaffairsbetweensovereignnationstatesinactivitiesrangingfromtradetoenvironmentalregulationormilitaryaction.Writingin350 BC,theGreekphilosopherAristotledeclared,"Theruleoflawisbetterthantheruleofanyindi
5、vidual."Legalsystemselaboraterightsandresponsibilitiesinavarietyofways.Ageneraldistinctioncanbemadebetweencivillawjurisdictions,whichcodifytheirlaws,andcommonlawsystems,wherejudgemadelawisnotconsolidated.Insomecountries,religionstillinformsthelaw.Lawprovid
6、esarichsourceofscholarlyinquiry,suchaslegalhistoryandphilosophy,orsocialscientificperspectivessuchaseconomicanalysisoflaworthesociologyoflaw.Thestudyoflawraisesimportantandcomplexissuesconcerningequality,fairness,libertyandjustice."Initsmajesticequality",s
7、aidtheauthorAnatoleFrancein1894,"thelawforbidsrichandpooraliketosleepunderbridges,beginthestreetsandstealloavesofbread."Inatypicaldemocracy,thecentralinstitutionsforinterpretingandcreatinglawarethethreemainbranchesofgovernment,namelyanimpartialjudiciary,ad
8、emocraticlegislature,andanaccountableexecutive.Toimplementandenforcethelawandprovideservicestothepublic,agovernment'sbureaucracy,themilitaryandpolicearevital.Whilealltheseorgansofthestatearecreaturescreatedan
