英语语言学第二章.ppt

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1、Chapter2TheSoundsofLanguageThetwomajorareasofstudyingspeechsounds:1)phonetics2)phonologyPhoneticsThestudyofthespeechsoundsthatoccurinallhumanlanguagesiscalledphonetics.Thestudyofsoundscanbedividedintothreemainareas:ArticulatoryPhonetics;AcousticPhoneti

2、cs;PerceptualorAuditoryPhoneticsThestudyofsoundsisdividedintothreemainareas,eachdealingwithonepartoftheprocess:ArticulatoryPhonetics(发音语音学)isthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.AcousticPhonetics(声学语音学)isthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.Per

3、ceptualorAuditoryPhonetics（听觉语音学）isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.Speechorgans(articulator)Speechorgans,alsoknownasvocalorgans,arethosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech.Thespeechorganscanbeconsideredasconsistingofthreeparts:The

4、initiatoroftheairstreamTheproducerofthevoicetheresonatingcavitiesSpeechproductionThethreecavitiesofthevocaltract(声道三腔):Pharynx/‘færɪŋks/咽腔Oralcavity/‘kævɪtɪ/口腔Nasalcavity鼻腔SpeechorgansTheorgansinsidetheoralcavitytheupperpartofthemouth:theupperliptheupper

5、teeththealveolarridge/æl'vɪələ/齿龈Thehardpalate/'pælət/硬腭Thesoftpalate(velum/'viːləm/)软腭Theuvula/'juːvjʊlə/小舌TheorgansinsidetheoralcavityThebottompartofthemouth:ThelowerlipThelowteethThetongue/tʌŋ/舌头TheorgansinsidetheoralcavityThetongue:ThetipThebladeThef

6、rontThebackTherootSpeechorgansInsidethethroatTheupperpart:PharynxThelowerpart:larynxPositionofthevocalfolds:voiceless清音Whenthevocalcordsareapart,theaircanpassthrougheasilyandthesoundproducedissaidtobevoiceless.Positionofthevocalfolds:voicing/voiced浊音When

7、thevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairstreamforcesitswaythroughandcausesthemtovibrate.Positionofthevocalfolds:glottalstopNasalcavity/m//n//ŋ/IPA国际音标ThestandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IP

8、A)国际音标。Broadtranscription宽式音标Narrowtranscription窄式（严式）音标ClassificationofEnglishspeechsoundsSpeechsoundsofalllanguagesarebroadlyclassifiedintovowelsandconsonants.Vowels:thereisnoobstructiontotheflowofairasitpassesfromthelar