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1、AimsofEducation1AlfredNorthWhitehead,TheAimsofEducationandOtherEssays(Macmillan,1929).CHAPTERITheAimsofEducationCultureisactivityofthought,andreceptivenesstobeautyandhumanefeeling.Scrapsofinformationhavenothingtodowithit.Amerelywell-informedmanisthemostuselessboreonGod'searth.Whatweshouldaimatprod
2、ucingismenwhopossessbothcultureandexpertknowledgeinsomespecialdirection.Theirexpertknowledgewillgivethemthegroundtostartfrom,andtheirculturewillleadthemasdeepasphilosophyandashighasart.Wehavetorememberthatthevaluableintellectualdevelopmentisselfdevelopment,andthatitmostlytakesplacebetweentheagesof
3、sixteenandthirty.Astotraining,themostimportantpartisgivenbymothersbeforetheageoftwelve.AsayingduetoArchbishopTempleillustratesmymeaning.Surprisewasexpressedatthesuccessinafter-lifeofaman,whoasaboyatRugbyhadbeensomewhatundistinguished.Heanswered,"Itisnotwhattheyareateighteen,itiswhattheybecomeafter
4、wardsthatmatters."Intrainingachildtoactivityofthought,aboveallthingswemustbewareofwhatIwillcall"inertideas"--thatistosay,ideasthataremerelyreceivedintothemindwithoutbeingutilised,ortested,orthrownintofreshcombinations.Inthehistoryofeducation,themoststrikingphenomenonisthatschoolsoflearning,whichat
5、oneepocharealivewithafermentofgenius,inasucceedinggenerationexhibitmerelypedantryandroutine.Thereasonis,thattheyareoverladenwithinertideas.Educationwithinertideasisnotonlyuseless:itis,aboveallthings,harmful--Corruptiooptimi,pessima.Exceptatrareintervalsofintellectualferment,educationinthepasthasbe
6、enradicallyinfectedwithinertideas.Thatisthereasonwhyuneducatedcleverwomen,whohaveseenmuchoftheworld,areinmiddlelifesomuchthemostculturedpartofthecommunity.Theyhavebeensavedfromthishorribleburdenofinertideas.Everyintellectualrevolutionwhichhaseverstirredhumanityintogreatnesshasbeenapassionateprotes
7、tagainstinertideas.Then,alas,withpatheticignoranceofhumanpsychology,ithasproceededbysomeeducationalschemetobindhumanityafreshwithinertideasofitsownfashioning.Letusnowaskhowinoursystemofeducationwearetoguardagains
