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1、SamuelJohnsonSamuelJohnson(1709–1784),oftenreferredtoasDr.Johnson,wasanEnglishauthorwhomadelastingcontributionstoEnglishliteratureasapoet,essayist,moralist,literarycritic,biographer,editorandlexicographer.Heisalsothesubjectof"themostfamoussingleworkofbiographical
2、artinthewholeofliterature":JamesBoswell'sLifeofSamuelJohnson.Afternineyearsofwork,Johnson'sADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagewaspublishedin1755;ithadafar-reachingeffectonModernEnglishandhasbeendescribedas"oneofthegreatestsingleachievementsofscholarship."Thisworkbrou
3、ghtJohnsonpopularityandsuccess.UntilthecompletionoftheOxfordEnglishDictionary150yearslater,Johnson'swasviewedasthepre-eminentBritishdictionary.Hislaterworksincludedessays,aninfluentialannotatededitionofWilliamShakespeare'splays,andthewidelyreadtaleRasselas.In1763
4、,hebefriendedJamesBoswell,withwhomhelatertravelledtoScotland.Towardstheendofhislife,heproducedthemassiveandinfluentialLivesoftheMostEminentEnglishPoets,acollectionofbiographiesandevaluationsof17th-and18th-centurypoets.SamuelJohnsonoftenclaimedthathegrewupinpovert
5、y.Hesooncontractedscrofula（淋巴结核）.Anoperationwasperformedthatlefthimwithpermanentscarsacrosshisfaceandbody.Johnsondemonstratedsignsofgreatintelligenceasachild.Toearnmoney,Johnsonbegantostitchbooksforhisfather,anditispossiblethatJohnsonspentmostofhistimeinhisfather
6、'sbookshopreadingvariousworksandbuildinghisliteraryknowledge.In1728,afewweeksafterheturned19,JohnsonenteredPembrokeCollege,Oxford.Afterthirteenmonths,ashortageoffundsforcedJohnsontoleaveOxfordwithoutadegree.Heeventuallyreceivedadegree:justbeforethepublicationofhi
7、sDictionaryin1755,OxfordUniversityawardedJohnsonthedegreeofMasterofArts.Hewasawardedanhonorarydoctoratein1765byTrinityCollegeDublinandin1775byOxfordUniversity.到了十八世纪中叶,意大利人有了他们的大词典；甚至世仇法国人也有了他们的大词典，而英国居然没有！但意大利文和法文大词典都是国家文学院编的，特别是法文大词典，四十位院士化了四十年才编成。而英国当时没有相应的学院；
8、英国王室又像英国商人一样斤斤计较：资助四十位学者工作四十年，这投资是否收得回来？只能靠个人在有限几年内编成，这本词典的市场需要才会转化为商业可能。颇有几位文化名人跃跃欲试，仔细考虑之后，却是个个知难而退。１９４６年，伦敦几家出版商，联手找上了塞缪尔·约翰生。时年三十七岁的约翰生，是伦敦出名的万能文人，写作、评论、翻译
