自考英语词汇学（笔记）.doc

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1、Chapter1BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary一、【考情分析】本章主要考核的知识点为：词和词汇的定义和区别，考生应该弄清楚声音与意义，声音与拼写之间的关系，掌握词汇划分的基本原则及各类词的主要特点。在历年考试中：常常以选择题和名词解释的形式对本章知识点进行考核。二、【知识串讲】重点知识锦集：1.Accordingtosemanticists（意义学家）,awordisaunitofmeaning.2.Thissymbolicconnectionisalmostalwaysar

2、bitrary,andthereis‘nologicalrelationshipsbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself’.3.Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency.4.Wordsmayfallintocontentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion.5.Wordsmayfall

3、intonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.6.Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.7.‘allnationalcharacter’（全民性）themostimportantofallfeaturesthatmaydifferentiateiswordsofcommonusefromallothers.

4、8.Contentwordsdenoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords.Theyincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals.9.Functionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirown.Therefore,theyarealsocalledemptywords.9.TheEnglishlanguageisnotedfortheremarkablecomplexityandhete

5、rogeneityofitsvocabularybecauseofitsextensiveborrowings.10.Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing,wecanbringtheloan-wordsunderfourclasses:Denizens,Aliens,Translation-loans,Semantic-loans.11.Thedifferencesbetweensoundandformareduetoinnovations

6、madebylinguists.12.Ofallthefivecharacteristicslistedforthebasicwordstock,themostimportantisallnationalcharacter.（全民性）13.Contentwordsarechangingallthetimewhereasfunctionalwordsarestable.14.InOldEnglishtherewasmoreagreementbetweensoundandform.15.Awordisasymbol

7、thatrepresentssomethingelseintheworld.16.Somewordsinthebasicwordsstockaresaidtobestablebecausetheyrefertothecommonestthingsinlife.17.Indifferentlanguage,thesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsoundsandthesamesoundcanshowdifferentmeanings.18.Theinternalreas

8、onforthedifferencebetweensoundandformisthefactofmorephonemesthanlettersinEnglish.19.Nativewordsareneutralinstyleandfrequentinuse.20.Theexpressionof“longtimenosee”istranslation-loanamongthefourcl