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1、Chapter2n AnswerstoTextbookProblems1.WesawthatnotonlyisGDPimportantinexplaininghowmuchtwocountriestrade,butalso,distanceiscrucial.Givenitsremoteness,Australiafacesrelativelyhighcostsoftransportingimportsandexports,therebyreducingtheattractivenessoftrade.SinceCanadaha
2、saborderwithalargeeconomy(theU.S.)andAustraliaisnotnearanyothermajoreconomy,itmakessensethatCanadawouldbemoreopenandAustraliamoreself-reliant.我们看到,不仅是国生产总值的重要解释多少两国贸易,但同时,距离是至关重要的。鉴于地处偏远,澳大利亚面临着相对较高的运输成本高,从而减少进口和出口贸易的吸引力。因为加拿大有一个边界有一个很大的经济体(美国)，澳大利亚是不靠近任何其他主要经济体。这说明，
3、加拿大将更加开放，澳大利亚更加自力更生。2.MexicoisquiteclosetotheU.S.,butitisfarfromtheEuropeanUnion(EU).SoitmakessensethatittradeslargelywiththeU.S.Brazilisfarfromboth,soitstradeissplitbetweenthetwo.MexicotradesmorethanBrazilinpartbecauseitissoclosetoamajoreconomy(theU.S.)andinpartbeca
4、useitisamemberofafreetradeagreementwithalargeeconomy(NAFTA).Brazilisfartherawayfromanylargeeconomyandisinafreetradeagreementwithrelativelysmallcountries.墨西哥很接近美国的,但它远欧盟(EU)。这说明，它的交易在很大程度上与美国。巴西远离墨西哥和美国,所以其贸易是分为两种。墨西哥交易超过巴西部分是因为它是如此接近一个主要经济体(美国),部分原因是它是一个成员的一个自由贸易协议(N
5、AFTA)的大型经济体。巴西是远离任何大型经济体,也是在一个自由贸易协定与相对较小的国家。3.No,ifeverycountry’sGDPweretodouble,worldtradewouldnotquadruple.OnewaytoseethisusingtheexamplefromTable2-2wouldsimplybetoquadrupleallthetradeflowsin2-2andalsodoubletheGDPin2-1.WewouldseethatthefirstlineofTable2-2wouldbe—,
6、6.4,1.6,1.6.Ifthatweretrue,CountryAwouldhaveexported$8trillionwhichisequaltoitsentireGDP.Likewise,itwouldhaveimported$8trillion,meaningithadzerospendingonitsowngoods(highlyunlikely).IfinsteadwefilledinTable2-2asbefore,bymultiplyingtheappropriatesharesoftheworldeconom
7、ytimesacountry’sGDP,wewouldseethefirstlineofTable2-2reads—,3.2,0.8,0.8.Inthiscase,60%ofCountryA’sGDPisexported,thesameasbefore.ThelogicisthatwhiletheworldGDPhasdoubled,increasingthelikelihoodofinternationaltrade,thelocaleconomyhasdoubled,increasingthelikelihoodofdome
8、stictrade.Thegravityequationstillholds.Ifyoufillintheentiretable,youwillseethatwherebeforetheequationwas0.1´GDPi´GDPj,itnowis0.05´G
