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1、2007年Text1①Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006'sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.②IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprof
2、essionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.①Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?②Hereareafewguesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytocon
3、ceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.①AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”②EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearc
4、hifheswitchedtopsychology.③Hisfirstexperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.④“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.⑤“Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80n
5、umbers.”①Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.②Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhoww
6、elleachperson“encodes”theinformation.③Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.④Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.⑤Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniq
7、ueasonoutcome.①Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.②Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbuta
