国际经济学(双语)-第4章.ppt

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1、TariffsandNontariffBarriersInternationalEconomicsChapter4Chapter4TariffsandNontariffBarriers4.1TheoriesforTradeProtection4.2Tariffs4.3NontariffTradeBarriers4.1TheoriesforTradeProtectionInfantIndustryArgumentThisargumentcontendsthatforfreetradetobemeaningful,tradingcou

2、ntriesshouldtemporarilyshieldtheirnewlydevelopingindustriesfromforeigncompetition.4.1TheoriesforTradeProtectionSometruthsintheinfantindustryargument:Onceaprotectivetariffisimposed,itisverydifficulttoremove,evenafterindustrialmaturityhasbeenachieved.Itisverydifficultto

3、determinewhichindustrieswillbecapableofrealizingcomparativeadvantagepotentialandthusmeritprotection.Theargumentgenerallyisnotvalidformature,industrializedcountries.Theremaybeotherwaysofinsulatingadevelopingindustryfromcutthroatcompetition.Ratherthanadoptaprotectivetar

4、iff,thegovernmentcouldgrantasubsidytotheindustry.4.1TheoriesforTradeProtectionTermsofTradeArgumentInsomecases,thetermsoftradebenefitsofatariffoutweighitscosts,sothereisaterms-of-tradeargumentforatariff.Thetermsoftradeargumentagainstfreetrade,then,isintellectuallyimpec

5、cablebutofdoubtfulusefulness.Inpractice,itisemphasizedmorebyeconomistsasatheoreticalpropositionthanitisusedbygovernmentsasajustificationfortradepolicy.4.1TheoriesforTradeProtectionDomesticMarketFailureArgumentTheoryofthesecondbestWheneconomistsapplythetheoryofthesecon

6、dbesttotradepolicy,theyarguethatimperfectionsintheinternalfunctioningofaneconomymayjustifyinterferinginitsexternaleconomicrelations.Thisargumentacceptsthatinternationaltradeisnotthesourceoftheproblembutsuggestsnonethelessthattradepolicycanprovideatleastapartialsolutio

7、n.4.1TheoriesforTradeProtectionStrategicTradePolicyBecauseofthesmallnumberoffirms,theassumptionofperfectcompetitiondoesnotapply.Thereareonlyafewfirmsineffectivecompetitioninsomeindustries.Thisargumentlocatesthemarketfailurethatjustifiesgovernmentinterventioninthelacko

8、fperfectcompetition.Itispossibleinprincipleforagovernmenttoaltertherulesofthegametoshifttheseexcessreturnsfromforeigntodomes