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1、第三部分阅读理解试题解析第一篇Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits，onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofa
2、seriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。通过将学科细化成小单元，人们能够继续处理这些不断膨胀的信息并将它们作为深入研究的基础。但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。Noclear-cutdisti
3、nctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur”doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspec
4、ialization(inthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,)impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillu
5、stratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.在科学领域内，专业人员与业余人员之间没有绝对的区分：任何规则都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确有含义：那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，特别是，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。（长难句①）19世纪的专业化的发展，以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求，对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。这一趋势在以数学训练或实验室训练为基础的科学领域里自然表现得最为突出，英国地质学的发展可以说明这一问
6、题（长难句②）。AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasis(ontheprimacyofresearch),(butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.)Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepre
7、sentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theovera
8、llresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,(aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynati
