软物质与功能材料(刘向阳)1

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1、软物质及功能材料10-11-2014刘向阳，姜源厦门大学材料学院OutlineOrdervsDisorderOrdering-SymmetrySymmetricRelationshipsBetweenMoleculesDescriptionofCrystalStructures1StatesofMatterFourStatesofMatterGasStateAgasisacompressiblefluid.Notonlywillagasconformtotheshapeofitscontainerbutit

2、willalsoexpandtofillthecontainer.Thespacesbetweengasmoleculesareverybig.Gasmoleculeshaveveryweakornobondsatall.Themoleculesin"gas"canmovefreelyandfast.2PlasmaStateLikeagas,plasmadoesnothavedefiniteshapeorvolume.Unlikegases,plasmasareelectricallyconductive,produ

3、cemagneticfieldsandelectriccurrents,andrespondstronglytoelectromagneticforces.LiquidStateAliquidisanearlyincompressiblefluidthatconformstotheshapeofitscontainerbutretainsa(nearly)constantvolumeindependentofpressure3SolidStateTheparticles(ions,atomsormolecules)

4、arepackedcloselytogether.Longrangeordering?GlassesandamorphoussolidswithoutIncrystallinesolids,theparticleslong-rangeorderarenotthermal(atoms,molecules,orions)areequilibriumgroundstatespackedinaregularlyordered,Noconstantmeltingtemperaturerepeatingpattern.Sates

5、ofMattersPhaseTransition4Crystals-LongRangeOrderingOrdering:physical,logicalorcomprehensiblearrangementofseparateelementsOrdering=>SymmetryCrystalandSymmetryTranslationalsymmetryGarnierOperaHouse,Paris5Ordering-SymmetrySymmetryinreligioussymbols•Sixfoldrotati

6、onalsymmetryofJudaism'sStarofDavid•thetwofoldpointsymmetryofTaoism'sTaijituorYin-Yang,•thebilateralsymmetryofChristianity'scross…TheancientimageofTaoismisaparticularlyfascinatinguseofsymmetryaroundacentralpoint,combinedwithblack-and-whiteinversionofcoloratopposi

7、tedistancesfromthatcentralpoint.Ordering-SymmetrySymmetryinarchitecture-allscalesSymmetryfindsitswaysintoarchitectureateveryscale.Theoverallexternalviews,thelayoutoftheindividualfloorplansIndividualbuildingelementsie,doors,stainedglasswindows,etcLeaningTower

8、ofPisa6Ordering-SymmetryPersianvessel(4thmillenniumB.C.)Ordering-SymmetrySymmetryofLife7Ordering-SymmetrySymmetryAnimprecisesenseofharmoniousoraesthetically-pleasin