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1、CivilengineeringCivilengineeringisaprofessionalengineeringdisciplinethatdealswiththedesign,construction,andmaintenanceofthephysicalandnaturallybuiltenvironment,includingworkslikebridges,roads,canals,dams,andbuildings.[1][2][3]Civilengineeringistheoldestengineeringdisciplineafte
2、rmilitaryengineering,[4]anditwasdefinedtodistinguishnon-militaryengineeringfrommilitaryengineering.[5]Itistraditionallybrokenintoseveralsub-disciplinesincludingenvironmentalengineering,geotechnicalengineering,structuralengineering,transportationengineering,municipalorurbanengin
3、eering,waterresourcesengineering,materialsengineering,coastalengineering,[4]surveying,andconstructionengineering.[6]Civilengineeringtakesplaceonalllevels:inthepublicsectorfrommunicipalthroughtonationalgovernments,andintheprivatesectorfromindividualhomeownersthroughtointernation
4、alcompanies.HistoryofthecivilengineeringprofessionSeealso:HistoryofstructuralengineeringEngineeringhasbeenanaspectoflifesincethebeginningsofhumanexistence.TheearliestpracticesofCivilengineeringmayhavecommencedbetween4000and2000BCinAncientEgyptandMesopotamia(AncientIraq)whenhuma
5、nsstartedtoabandonanomadicexistence,thuscausinganeedfortheconstructionofshelter.Duringthistime,transportationbecameincreasinglyimportantleadingtothedevelopmentofthewheelandsailing.Untilmoderntimestherewasnocleardistinctionbetweencivilengineeringandarchitecture,andthetermenginee
6、randarchitectweremainlygeographicalvariationsreferringtothesameperson,oftenusedinterchangeably.[7]TheconstructionofPyramidsinEgypt(circa2700-2500BC)mightbeconsideredthefirstinstancesoflargestructureconstructions.OtherancienthistoriccivilengineeringconstructionsincludetheParthen
7、onbyIktinosinAncientGreece(447-438BC),theAppianWaybyRomanengineers(c.312BC),theGreatWallofChinabyGeneralMengT'ienunderordersfromCh'inEmperorShihHuangTi(c.220BC)[6]andthestupasconstructedinancientSriLankaliketheJetavanaramayaandtheextensiveirrigationworksinAnuradhapura.TheRomans
8、developedcivilstructuresthroughouttheirempire,includin
