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1、CivilengineeringCivilengineeringisaprofessionalengineeringdisciplinethatdealswiththedesign,construction,andmaintenanceofthephysicalandnaturallybuiltenvironment,includingworkslikebridges,roads,canals,dams,andbuildings.[1][2][3]Civilengineeringistheoldestengineeringd
2、isciplineaftermilitaryengineering,[4]anditwasdefinedtodistinguishnon-militaryengineeringfrommilitaryengineering.[5]Itistraditionallybrokenintoseveralsub-disciplinesincludingenvironmentalengineering,geotechnicalengineering,structuralengineering,transportationenginee
3、ring,municipalorurbanengineering,waterresourcesengineering,materialsengineering,coastalengineering,[4]surveying,andconstructionengineering.[6]Civilengineeringtakesplaceonalllevels:inthepublicsectorfrommunicipalthroughtonationalgovernments,andintheprivatesectorfromi
4、ndividualhomeownersthroughtointernationalcompanies.HistoryofthecivilengineeringprofessionSeealso:HistoryofstructuralengineeringEngineeringhasbeenanaspectoflifesincethebeginningsofhumanexistence.TheearliestpracticesofCivilengineeringmayhavecommencedbetween4000and200
5、0BCinAncientEgyptandMesopotamia(AncientIraq)whenhumansstartedtoabandonanomadicexistence,thuscausinganeedfortheconstructionofshelter.Duringthistime,transportationbecameincreasinglyimportantleadingtothedevelopmentofthewheelandsailing.Untilmoderntimestherewasnocleardi
6、stinctionbetweencivilengineeringandarchitecture,andthetermengineerandarchitectweremainlygeographicalvariationsreferringtothesameperson,oftenusedinterchangeably.[7]TheconstructionofPyramidsinEgypt(circa2700-2500BC)mightbeconsideredthefirstinstancesoflargestructureco
7、nstructions.OtherancienthistoriccivilengineeringconstructionsincludetheParthenonbyIktinosinAncientGreece(447-438BC),theAppianWaybyRomanengineers(c.312BC),theGreatWallofChinabyGeneralMengT'ienunderordersfromCh'inEmperorShihHuangTi(c.220BC)[6]andthestupasconstructedi
8、nancientSriLankaliketheJetavanaramayaandtheextensiveirrigationworksinAnuradhapura.TheRomansdevelopedcivilstructuresthroughouttheirempire,includin
