国际物流管理课件.pptx

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1、Chapter2InternationalLogisticsInternationalLogisticsHistoricalDevelopmentLogistics&SupplyChainManagementElementsofInternationalLogisticsEconomicImportanceofLogisticsInternationalReverseLogisticsHistoricalDevelopmentTheearly“slow”daysThemovetowardspeedCustomersatisfactionAstrategicadvanta

2、geTheEarly“Slow”DaysThefirstinternationallogisticiansweretradersontheSilkRoad,awell-traveledtraderoute,inuseforover3,000years,stretchingfromEuropetoAsiaandpassingthroughtheMiddleEast.Earlymodernlogisticianswereconcernedprimarilywithensuringgoodsarrivedattheirdestinationingoodconditionand

3、atthelowestpossiblecost.FollowingWorldWarII,logisticsbegantoincorporatethetechniquesusedbythemilitary.Logisticsbegantorefertonotjustthemovementofgoodsbutalsotosales,theprocurementofsupplies,andthemanagementofsupplierandcustomerrelationships.TheMoveTowardSpeedTheintroductionofcontainers(o

4、r“boxes”)inthelate1950s,andtheireventualwidespreadadoption,madeshippingmuchmoreefficientaswellascheaperandfaster.Inthe1970s,newcompanies,likeFedExandDHL,introducedtime-definedairshippingservices,andgainedalargemarketshareindomesticshipments.Inthe1980s,internationalairshipmentsgrewascosts

5、camedownandthenumberofdestinationsincreased.Airtransportbecamecost-competitivewithoceantransportformanyproducts.TheEmphasisonCustomerSatisfactionTheveryhighinterestratesofthe1980sledcompaniestoreduceinventorylevels.Newinventorymanagementtechniqueswerecreatedtoreduceinventorycosts.Thosete

6、chniquesincluded:Just-in-time(JIT)MaterialsRequirementPlanning(MRP)ManufacturingResourcesPlanning(MRPII)DistributionResourcesPlanning(DRP)Sincethesetechniquesreliedonrapidandreliabledeliveries,logisticsfirmsprovidedreducedshippingtimesandtime-defineddeliveries.Just-In-TimeTechniquesJust-

7、in-timemanufacturingisaprocessthatplansforpartstoarriveontheassemblylinejustbeforetheyareneeded.Thegoalofthistechniqueistoreduceoreliminatetheneedforinventory.Itnowincludesthedeliveryofpartstotheassemblyplantjustbeforetheyareneeded,andthedeliveryoffinishedgoodsjustasthere