经济学名词解释(英文).doc

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1、Accountingprofit会计利润:TotalrevenueminustotalexplicitcostAbility-to-payprinciple能力支付原则:TheideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburdenAbsoluteadvantage绝对优势:ThecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivityAdverseselection逆向选择:Thetendencyforthe

2、mixofunobservedattributestobecomeundesirablefromthestandpointofanuninformedpartyAgent代理人:Apersonwhoisperforminganactforanotherperson,calledtheprincipalAggregate-demandcurve:acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthathouseholds,firms,andthegovernmentwanttobuyateachpricelevelAggregaterisk:r

3、iskthataffectsalleconomicactorsatonceAggregate-supplycurve:acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthatfirmschoosetoproduceandsellateachpricelevelAppreciation:anincreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuyArrow’simpossibilitytheorem阿罗不可能定理:Amathematicalresult

4、showingthat,undercertainassumedconditions,thereisnoschemeforaggregatingindividualpreferencesintoavalidsetofsocialpreferencesAveragefixedcost平均固定成本:FixedcostsdividedbythequantityofoutputAveragerevenue平均收益:TotalrevenuedividedbythequantitysoldAveragetaxrate平均税率:TotaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincomeA

5、veragetotalcost平均总成本:TotalcostdividedbythequantityofoutputAveragevariablecost平均可变成本:VariablecostsdividedbythequantityofoutputAutomaticstabilizers:changesinfiscalpolicythatstimulateaggregatedemandwhentheeconomygoesintoarecessionwithoutpolicymakershavingtotakeanydeliberateactionBalancetrade:asit

6、uationinwhichexportsequalimportsBenefitsprinciple受益原则:TheideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservicesBond:acertificateofindebtednessBudgetconstraint预算约束:ThelimitontheconsumptionbundlesthataconsumercanaffordBudgetdeficit预算赤字:Anexcessofgovernmentspendingovergov

7、ernmentreceiptsBudgetsurplus预算盈余:AnexcessofgovernmentreceiptsovergovernmentspendingBusinesscycle经济周期:Fluctuationsineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproductionCapital资产:TheequipmentandstructuresusedtoproducegoodsandservicesCapitalflig