名词解释 英文 国际经济学

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1、AbsoluteAdvantage：thegreaterefficiencythatonenationmayhaveoveranotherintheproductionofacommodity.ComparativeAdvantage:Acountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodsiftheopportunitycostofproducingthatgoodsintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrythanitisinothercountries.Thetermsoftradeistherelative

2、priceatwhichtwocountriestradegoods.Termsoftrade=exportpriceindex/importpriceindexSmallCountryEffectIfasmallnationtradewithaverylargenationaccordingtoitscomparativeadvantage,thesmallnationcanachievecompletelaborspecializationinproduction,andthelargenationcannot.Thetermsoftrademustbetherelativepriceo

3、fthelargenationinautarky.Becausethesmallnationisverysmall,itcan’taffectthesupplyanddemandforanyproductofthelargenation.Assuch,thesmallnationgetsallthegainsfromtradeandthelargenationgetsnogainsfromtrade.DistributionofthegainsfromtradeExport-promptingmeasuresExportsubsidies(出口补贴）Exportcredit(出口信贷）Exp

4、ortCreditGuaranteeSystem（出口信贷担保）Foreignexchangedumping(外汇倾销）FreetradeareasAssignmentmechanismsofimportquotaspublicauction-system公开拍卖constantpreference-system固定的受惠application-proceduresystem使用申请程序Exportsubsidiesandits’economiceffectTheimplicationofexportsubsidesAquotaisadirectquantitativerestriction

5、ontheamountofacommodityallowedtobeimportedorexported(intheformofvoluntaryexportrestraints).Astariffswerenegotiateddownduringthepostwarperiod,thenimportquotashavebeenwidelyusedbydevelopednationstoprotecttheiragricultureandbydevelopingnationstostimulateimportsubstitutionofmanufacturedproductsandforba

6、lance-of-paymentsreasons.Othernon-tariffbarriersIndustrialpolicy,GovernmentprocurementDumpingandanti-dumpingTechnicalbarrierstotradeLaborandenvironmentalstandards,TransportationcostsandtradeTheTheoryofProtectiveTrade1.Merchantilism2.Theoptimumtarifftheory3.Theinfantindustryargument4.Keynes’protecti

7、vetradetheory5.Strategictradepolicy6.Thepoliticaleconomyofprotectionism幼稚产业论anationaleconomycanbedividedintofivestages.Inanearlystageofindustrializationrequiredtariffprotectiontostimulatedevelopment.Infanti